Methods of increasing secretion of polypeptides having biological activity

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods for producing a secreted polypeptide having biological activity, comprising: (a) transforming a fungal host cell with a fusion protein construct encoding a fusion protein, which comprises: (i) a first polynucleotide encoding a signal peptide; (ii) a second polynucleotide encoding at least a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase or a portion thereof; and (iii) a third polynucleotide encoding at least a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; wherein the signal peptide and at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase increases secretion of the polypeptide having biological activity compared to the absence of at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase; (b) cultivating the transformed fungal host cell under conditions suitable for production of the fusion protein; and (c) recovering the fusion protein, a component thereof, or a combination thereof, having biological activity, from the cultivation medium.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/279,624, filed May 16, 2014, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/024,292, filed Sep. 11, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,735,549, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/781,151, filed Jul. 20, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,546,106, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/832,511, filed Jul. 21, 2006, which applications are incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under NREL Subcontract No. ZCO-30017-02, Prime Contract DE-AC36-98GO10337 awarded by the Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods of producing secreted polypeptides having biological activity and to fusion proteins and polynucleotides thereof.

2. Description of the Related Art

The recombinant production of a heterologous polypeptide in a fungal host cell, particularly a filamentous fungal cell such as Aspergillus or Trichoderma or a yeast cell such Saccharomyces, may provide for a more desirable vehicle for producing the polypeptide in commercially relevant quantities.

Recombinant production of a secreted heterologous polypeptide is generally accomplished by constructing an expression cassette in which the DNA coding for the polypeptide is operably linked to a promoter suitable for the host cell and a signal peptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked in frame to the amino terminus of the polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the cell's secretory pathway. The expression cassette is introduced into the host cell, usually by plasmid-mediated transformation. Production of the secreted heterologous protein is then achieved by culturing the transformed host cell under inducing conditions necessary for the proper functioning of the promoter contained on the expression cassette.

While expression of a heterologous polypeptide in a host cell may be improved, an obstacle often encountered is that the polypeptide is poorly secreted into the culture medium. One method of improving secretion of the polypeptide is to replace the native signal peptide coding sequence with a foreign signal peptide coding region to enhance secretion of the polypeptide. However, in some cases, such a replacement does not provide a sufficient improvement for producing the polypeptide in commercially relevant quantities. Another method is to fuse the polypeptide to another polypeptide that is highly secreted by a host cell. The highly secreted polypeptide functions as a carrier to transport the poorly secreted or non-secreted polypeptide as a fusion protein through the cell's secretory pathway.

WO 05/093050 discloses a fusion protein composed of an exo-cellobiohydrolase catalytic domain and a cellulase catalytic domain to increase the yield of a cellulase enzyme. Gouka et al., 1997, Applied and Environmental Microbiology February 1997, p. 488-497, discloses glucoamylase gene fusions that alleviate limitations for protein production in Aspergillus awamori. Nyyssonen and Keranen, 1995, Current Genetics 28: 71-79, discloses multiple roles of the cellobiohydrolase I in enhancing production of fusion antibodies by Trichoderma reesei.

It is an object of the present invention to provide methods for increasing the secretion of polypeptides having biological activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for producing a secreted polypeptide having biological activity, comprising:

(a) transforming a fungal host cell with a fusion protein construct encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein construct comprises:

-   -   (i) a first polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence         encoding a signal peptide;     -   (ii) a second polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence         encoding at least a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase or a         portion thereof; and     -   (iii) a third polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence         encoding at least a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having         biological activity or a portion thereof; wherein the signal         peptide and at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase         or the portion thereof increases secretion of the polypeptide         having biological activity or the portion thereof compared to         the absence of at least the catalytic domain of the         endoglucanase or the portion thereof;

(b) cultivating the transformed fungal host cell under conditions suitable for production of the fusion protein; and

(c) recovering the fusion protein, a component thereof, or a combination thereof, from the cultivation medium, wherein the fusion protein or the component thereof has biological activity.

In one aspect, the 3′ end of the first polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the second polynucleotide and the 3′ end of the second polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the third polynucleotide or the 3′ end of the first polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the third polynucleotide and the 3′ end of the third polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the second polynucleotide to encode a fusion protein.

The present invention also relates to isolated fusion proteins, comprising:

(a) a first amino acid sequence comprising a signal peptide;

(b) a second amino acid sequence comprising at least a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase or a portion thereof; and

(c) a third amino acid sequence comprising at least a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity or a portion thereof.

The present invention also relates to polynucleotides encoding the fusion proteins, and fusion protein constructs, expression vectors, and recombinant host cells comprising such polynucleotides.

In another aspect, the C-terminal end of the first amino acid sequence is linked in frame to the N-terminal end of the second amino acid sequence and the C-terminal end of the second amino acid sequence is linked in frame to the N-terminal end of the third amino acid sequence or the C-terminal end of the first amino acid sequence is linked in frame to the N-terminal end of the third amino acid sequence and the C-terminal end of the third amino acid sequence is linked in frame to the N-terminal end of the second amino acid sequence.

The present invention further relates to methods of using the fusion proteins or components thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a restriction map of pMJ04.

FIG. 2 shows a restriction map of pCaHj527.

FIG. 3 shows a restriction map of pMT2188.

FIG. 4 shows a restriction map of pCaHj568.

FIG. 5 shows a restriction map of pMJ05.

FIG. 6 shows a restriction map of pSMai130.

FIG. 7 shows the DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of an Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase native signal sequence (SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 60).

FIG. 8 shows the DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence (SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 64).

FIG. 9 shows a restriction map of pSMai135.

FIG. 10 shows a restriction map of pSMai140.

FIG. 11 shows a restriction map of pSaMe-F1.

FIG. 12 shows a restriction map of pSaMe-FX.

FIG. 13 shows a restriction map of pAILo47.

FIGS. 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D show the DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant fusion protein (SEQ ID NOs: 73 and 74, respectively).

FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D show the DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (SEQ ID NOs: 75 and 76, respectively).

DEFINITIONS

Endoglucanase activity: The term “endoglucanase activity” is defined herein as an endo-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.4), which catalyses endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans, and other plant material containing cellulosic components. For purposes of the present invention, endoglucanase activity is determined using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolysis according to the procedure of Ghose, 1987, Pure and Appl. Chem. 59: 257-268. One unit of endoglucanase activity is defined as 1.0 urnole of reducing sugars produced per minute at 50° C., pH 4.8.

Beta-glucosidase activity: The term “beta-glucosidase” is defined herein as a beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.21), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose. For purposes of the present invention, beta-glucosidase activity is determined according to the procedure described by Venturi et al., 2002, J. Basic Microbiol. 42: 55-66, except different conditions are employed as described herein. One unit of beta-glucosidase activity is defined as 1.0 μmole of p-nitrophenol produced per minute at 50° C., pH 5 from 4 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 100 mM sodium citrate, 0.01% TWEEN® 20.

Full-length polypeptide: The term “full-length polypeptide” is defined herein as a precursor form of a polypeptide having biological activity, wherein the precursor contains a signal peptide region and alternatively also a propeptide region, wherein upon secretion from a cell, the signal peptide is cleaved and alternatively also the propeptide is cleaved yielding a polypeptide with biological activity.

Signal peptide: The term “signal peptide” is defined herein as a peptide linked in frame to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into a cell's secretory pathway.

Signal peptide coding sequence: The term “signal peptide coding sequence” is defined herein as a peptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked in frame to the amino terminus of an encoded polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into a cell's secretory pathway.

Propeptide: The term “propeptide” is defined herein as a peptide linked in frame to the amino terminus of a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). A propolypeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide. Where both signal peptide and propeptide regions are present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide region is linked in frame to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide region is linked in frame to the amino terminus of the propeptide region.

Propeptide coding sequence: The term “propeptide coding sequence” is defined herein as a peptide coding region that codes for an amino acid sequence linked in frame to the amino terminus of a polypeptide forming a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases).

Mature polypeptide: The term “mature polypeptide” is defined herein as a polypeptide having biological activity that is in its final form following translation and any post-translational modifications, such as N-terminal processing, C-terminal truncation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, etc.

Catalytic domain: The term “catalytic domain” is defined herein as a structural portion or region of the amino acid sequence of an endoglucanase or a polypeptide having biological activity (e.g., beta-glucosidase activity), which possesses the catalytic activity of the endoglucanase or the polypeptide having biological activity (e.g., beta-glucosidase). The catalytic domain is also referred to as the “core” region herein.

Fusion protein: The term “fusion protein” is defined herein as a polypeptide that exhibits biological activity and that comprises at least both an endoglucanase catalytic domain and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity (e.g., beta-glucosidase).

Beta-glucosidase fusion protein: The term “beta-glucosidase fusion protein” is defined herein as a polypeptide that exhibits beta-glucosidase activity and that comprises at least both a beta-glucosidase catalytic domain and an endoglucanase catalytic domain.

Components of a fusion protein: The term “components of a fusion protein” is defined herein as individual (cleaved) fragments of the fusion protein, wherein each fragment has biological activity and includes either at least the catalytic domain of a endoglucanase and at least the catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity or at least the catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity. For example, the presence of a cleavage site, e.g., Kex2 site, between the components of at least the catalytic domain of a endoglucanase and at least the catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity of the fusion protein can result in the production of a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity and another polypeptide having biological activity.

Components of a beta-glucosidase fusion protein: The term “components of a beta-glucosidase fusion protein” is defined herein as individual (cleaved) fragments of the beta-glucosidase fusion protein, wherein each fragment has beta-glucosidase activity and is either at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase and at least the beta-glucosidase catalytic domain or at least the beta-glucosidase catalytic domain. For example, the presence of a cleavage site, e.g., Kex2 site, between the endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase components of the fusion protein can result in the production of a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity and another polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity.

Carbohydrate binding module: The term “carbohydrate binding module (CBM)” is defined herein as a portion of the amino acid sequence of an endoglucanase (cellulase) that is involved in the binding of the endoglucanase to cellulose (lignocellulose). Carbohydrate binding modules generally function by non-covalently binding the endoglucanase to cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or a polysaccharide equivalent thereof. CBMs typically function independent of the catalytic domain.

Fusion protein construct: The term “fusion protein construct” refers to a nucleic acid construct that is composed of different genes or portions thereof in operable linkage. The components include from the 5′ end a DNA molecule encoding at least an endoglucanase catalytic domain and a DNA molecule encoding at least a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

Beta-glucosidase fusion construct: The term “beta-glucosidase fusion construct” refers to a nucleic acid construct that is composed of different genes or portions thereof in operable linkage. The components include from the 5′ end a DNA molecule encoding at least an endoglucanase catalytic domain and a DNA molecule encoding at least a beta-glucosidase catalytic domain.

Isolated polypeptide: The term “isolated polypeptide” as used herein refers to a polypeptide that is at least 20% pure, preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, most preferably at least 90% pure, and even most preferably at least 95% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Substantially pure polypeptide: The term “substantially pure polypeptide” denotes herein a polypeptide preparation that contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other polypeptide material with which it is natively or recombinantly associated. It is, therefore, preferred that the substantially pure polypeptide is at least 92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure, more preferably at least 98% pure, even more preferably at least 99%, most preferably at least 99.5% pure, and even most preferably 100% pure by weight of the total polypeptide material present in the preparation. The polypeptides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form, i.e., that the polypeptide preparation is essentially free of other polypeptide material with which it is natively or recombinantly associated. This can be accomplished, for example, by preparing the polypeptide by means of well-known recombinant methods or by classical purification methods.

Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “identity”.

For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, Trends in Genetics 16: 276-277), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. The optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix. The output of Needle labeled “longest identity” (obtained using the -nobrief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows: (Identical Residues×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps in Alignment)

For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two deoxyribonucleotide sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, supra) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, supra), preferably version 3.0.0 or later. The optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EDNAFULL (EMBOSS version of NCB! NUC4.4) substitution matrix. The output of Needle labeled “longest identity” (obtained using the -nobrief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows: (Identical Deoxyribonucleotides×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps in Alignment)

Polypeptide fragment: The term “polypeptide fragment” is defined herein as a polypeptide having one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of a fusion protein (e.g., beta-glucosidase fusion protein) or components thereof, wherein the fragment has biological activity (e.g., beta-glucosidase activity).

Subsequence: The term “subsequence” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence having one or more nucleotides deleted from the 5′ and/or 3′ end of a polynucleotide, wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment having biological activity, e.g., beta-glucosidase activity or endoglucanase activity.

Isolated polynucleotide: The term “isolated polynucleotide” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide that is at least 20% pure, preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, most preferably at least 90% pure, and even most preferably at least 95% pure, as determined by agarose electrophoresis.

Substantially pure polynucleotide: The term “substantially pure polynucleotide” as used herein refers to a polynucleotide preparation free of other extraneous or unwanted nucleotides and in a form suitable for use within genetically engineered protein production systems. Thus, a substantially pure polynucleotide contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%, even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most 0.5% by weight of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively or recombinantly associated. A substantially pure polynucleotide may, however, include naturally occurring 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, such as promoters and terminators. It is preferred that the substantially pure polynucleotide is at least 90% pure, preferably at least 92% pure, more preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure, even more preferably at least 98% pure, most preferably at least 99%, and even most preferably at least 99.5% pure by weight. The polynucleotides are preferably in a substantially pure form, i.e., that the polynucleotide preparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively or recombinantly associated. The polynucleotides may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.

cDNA: The term “cDNA” is defined herein as a DNA molecule that can be prepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced, mRNA molecule obtained from a eukaryotic cell. cDNA lacks intron sequences that are usually present in the corresponding genomic DNA. The initial, primary RNA transcript is a precursor to mRNA that is processed through a series of steps before appearing as mature spliced mRNA. These steps include the removal of intron sequences by a process called splicing. cDNA derived from mRNA lacks, therefore, any intron sequences.

Nucleic acid construct: The term “nucleic acid construct” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which is modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature. The term nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence.

Control sequence: The term “control sequences” is defined herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or native or foreign to each other. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide.

Operably linked: The term “operably linked” denotes herein a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of a polynucleotide sequence such that the control sequence directs the expression of the coding sequence of a polypeptide. In addition, the term “operably linked” also relates to two polynucleotides that are linked or fused, which are expressed together as a fused or fusion protein.

Coding sequence: When used herein the term “coding sequence” means a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG and TGA. The coding sequence may be a DNA, cDNA, or recombinant nucleotide sequence.

Expression: The term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion.

Expression vector: The term “expression vector” is defined herein as a linear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the invention and is operably linked to additional nucleotides that provide for its expression.

Host cell: The term “host cell”, as used herein, includes any cell type that is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising a polynucleotide.

Variant: When used herein, the term “variant” means a polypeptide having biological activity produced by an organism expressing a modified nucleotide sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 25 or a homologous sequence thereof, or the mature coding region thereof. The modified nucleotide sequence is obtained through human intervention by modification of a nucleotide sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 23 or a homologous sequence thereof, or the mature coding region thereof. The modification can be a substitution, a deletion, and/or an insertion of one or more amino acids as well as a replacement of one or more amino acid side chains.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for producing a secreted polypeptide having biological activity, comprising: (a) transforming a fungal host cell with a fusion protein construct encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein construct comprises: (i) a first polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; (ii) a second polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding at least a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase or a portion thereof; and (iii) a third polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding at least a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity or a portion thereof; wherein the signal peptide and at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase or the portion thereof increases secretion of the polypeptide having biological activity or the portion thereof compared to the absence of at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase or the portion thereof; (b) cultivating the transformed fungal host cell under conditions suitable for production of the fusion protein; and (c) recovering the fusion protein, a component thereof, or a combination thereof, from the cultivation medium, wherein the fusion protein or the component thereof has biological activity.

In a preferred aspect, the 3′ end of the first polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the second polynucleotide and the 3′ end of the second polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the third polynucleotide. In another preferred aspect, the 3′ end of the first polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the third polynucleotide and the 3′ end of the third polynucleotide is operably linked to the 5′ end of the second polynucleotide to encode a fusion protein.

A fusion protein is produced by fusing a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having biological activity or a portion thereof to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity or a portion thereof and a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide having endoglucanase activity or a portion thereof. Techniques for producing fusion proteins are known in the art, and include, for example, ligating the coding sequences encoding the polypeptides so that they are in frame and expression of the fused polypeptide is under control of the same promoter(s) and terminator. Fusion proteins may also be constructed using intein technology in which fusions are created post-translationally (Cooper et al., 1993, EMBO J. 12: 2575-2583; Dawson et al., 1994, Science 266: 776-779).

A fusion protein having biological activity comprising a signal peptide, at least the catalytic domain of an endoglucanase or a portion thereof, and at least the catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity or a portion thereof, increases secretion of the fusion protein compared to the absence of at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase or a portion thereof. The increase in secretion of the fusion protein having biological activity is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 25%, even more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 100%, even more preferably at least 150%, even more preferably at least 200%, most preferably at least 500%, and even most preferably at least 1000% compared to the absence of at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase.

In each of the preferred aspects below, the components of a fusion protein construct (nucleic acid construct) are operably linked from the 5′ end to the 3′ end of the construct.

In a preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase (signal peptide and mature polypeptide); and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase (signal peptide and mature polypeptide).

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein construct comprises a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, and a polynucleotide encoding a linker and/or a polynucleotide encoding a carbohydrate binding module; a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding another signal peptide; and a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, for each of the preferred aspects above, the polynucleotides may encode a portion of the catalytic domain, the mature polypeptide, or the full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase or a polypeptide having biological activity. The portion of the endoglucanase may or may not have endoglucanase activity. In a more preferred aspect, the portion of the endoglucanase has endoglucanase activity.

In each of the preferred aspects above, the components of the fusion protein constructs further comprise a promoter region and/or a terminator region.

Endoglucanases and Polynucleotides Thereof

A polynucleotide encoding a catalytic domain, mature polypeptide, or full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase, or portions thereof, may be obtained from any organism. For purposes of the present invention, the term “polypeptide” will be understood to include a full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain; or portions or fragments thereof that have activity. The term “obtained from” as used herein in connection with a given source shall mean that the polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence is produced by the source or by a strain in which the nucleotide sequence from the source has been inserted.

Many endoglucanases have a multidomain structure consisting of a catalytic domain separated from a carbohydrate binding domain (CBM) by a linker peptide (Suurnakki et al., 2000, Cellulose 7: 189-209). The catalytic domain contains the active site whereas the CBM interacts with cellulose by binding the enzyme to it (van Tilbeurgh et al., 1986, FEBS Letters 204: 223-227; Tomme et al., 1988, European Journal of Biochemistry 170: 575-581)

A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a bacterial polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide may be a Gram positive bacterial polypeptide including, but not limited to, a Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, or Oceanobacillus polypeptide, e.g., a Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus, Streptomyces lividans, or Streptomyces murinus polypeptide; or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide including, but not limited to, an E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, Ilyobacter, Neisseria, or Ureaplasma polypeptide.

Examples of bacterial endoglucanases that can be used as sources for the polynucleotides in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, an Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (WO 91/05039; WO 93/15186; U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,944; WO 96/02551; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,655, WO 00/70031, WO 05/093050); Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase III (WO 05/093050); and Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase V (WO 05/093050).

A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a fungal polypeptide, and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide; or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as an Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladorrhinum, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piromyces, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, or Trichoderma polypeptide.

In a preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide.

In another preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity may be obtained from a gene encoding an Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Cladorrhinum foecundissimum, Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, Fusarium venenatum, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium purpurogenum, Thielavia achromatica, Thielavia albomyces, Thielavia albopilosa, Thielavia australeinsis, Thielavia fimeti, Thielavia microspora, Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededonium, Thielavia setosa, Thielavia subthermophila, Thielavia terrestris, Thielavia terricola, Thielavia thermophila, Thielavia variospora, Thielavia wareingii, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, or Trichoderma viride polypeptide.

Examples of fungal endoglucanases that can be used as sources for the polynucleotides in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, a Trichoderma reesei EG1 (Penttila et al., 1986, Gene 45: 253-263; GENBANK™ accession no. M15665); Trichoderma reesei EG2 (Saloheimo, et al., 1988, Gene 63:11-22; GENBANK™ accession no. M19373); Trichoderma reesei EG3 (Okada et al., 1988, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 555-563; GENBANK™ accession no. AB003694); Trichoderma reesei EG4 (Saloheimo et al., 1997, Eur. J. Biochem. 249: 584-591; GENBANK™ accession no. Y11113); and Trichoderma reesei EG5 (Saloheimo et al., 1994, Molecular Microbiology 13: 219-228; GENBANK™ accession no. Z33381); Aspergillus aculeatus endoglucanase (Ooi et al., 1990, Nucleic Acids Research 18: 5884); Aspergillus kawachii (Sakamoto et al., 1995, Current Genetics 27: 435-439); Erwinia carotovara endoglucanase (Saarilahti et al., 1990, Gene 90: 9-14); Fusarium oxysporum (GENBANK™ accession no. L29381); Humicola grisea var. thermoidea (GENBANK™ accession no. AB003107); Melanocarpus albomyces (GENBANK™ accession no. MAL515703); and Neurospora crassa(GENBANK™ accession no. XM_(—)324477).

Other endoglucanases are disclosed in numerous Glycosyl Hydrolase families using the classification according to Henrissat B., 1991, A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Biochem. J. 280: 309-316, and Henrissat B., and Bairoch A., 1996, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases, Biochem. J. 316: 695-696.

The techniques used to isolate or clone a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity are known in the art and include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof. The cloning of the polynucleotides from such genomic DNA can be effected, e.g., by using the well known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features. See, e.g., Innis et al., 1990, PCR: A Guide to Methods and Application, Academic Press, New York. Other nucleic acid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligated activated transcription (LAT) and nucleotide sequence-based amplification (NASBA) may be used.

It will be understood that for the aforementioned species the invention encompasses both the perfect and imperfect states, and other taxonomic equivalents, e.g., anamorphs, regardless of the species name by which they are known. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the identity of appropriate equivalents.

Strains of these species are readily accessible to the public in a number of culture collections, such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL).

In a preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an endoglucanase I gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an endoglucanase II gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an endoglucanase III gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an endoglucanase IV gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an endoglucanase V gene. In a more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene. In a most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene that encodes the full-length polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another most preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene that encodes the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another most preferred aspect, the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene that encodes the catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 1. In another most preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene comprising the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another most preferred aspect, the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene comprising the catalytic domain coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an endoglucanase VI gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 5 endoglucanase gene. In a more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65 endoglucanase gene. In a most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65 endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65 endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a basidiomycete CBS 495.95 endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a basidiomycete CBS 495.95 endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 6. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a basidiomycete CBS 495.95 endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 5. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a basidiomycete CBS 494.95 endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a basidiomycete CBS 494.95 endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a basidiomycete CBS 494.95 endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 6 endoglucanase gene. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6B endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6B endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 10. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6B endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 9. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6C endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6C endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 12. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6C endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 11.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 7 endoglucanase gene. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 13. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7E endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7E endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 16. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7E endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 15. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7F endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7F endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 18. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7F endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 17. In another more preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Cladorrhinum foecundissimum ATCC 62373 CEL7A endoglucanase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Cladorrhinum foecundissimum ATCC 62373 CEL7A endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 20. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Cladorrhinum foecundissimum ATCC 62373 CEL7A endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 19.

In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Trichoderma reesei strain No. VTT-D-80133 endoglucanase gene that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 22 (GENBANK™ accession no. M15665). In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Trichoderma reesei strain No. VTT-D-80133 endoglucanase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 (GENBANK™ accession no. M15665).

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 9 endoglucanase gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 12 endoglucanase gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 45 endoglucanase gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 74 endoglucanase gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a gene encoding a homologous polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has a degree of identity to the amino acid sequences of the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22 of at least 60%, preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably 96%_(,) 97%, 98%, to or 99%, which have endoglucanase activity. In a preferred aspect, the homologous polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that differs by ten amino acids, preferably by five amino acids, more preferably by four amino acids, even more preferably by three amino acids, most preferably by two amino acids, and even most preferably by one amino acid from the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the endoglucanase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with (i) SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 21, (ii) the cDNA sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 21, (iii) a subsequence of (i) or (ii), or (iv) a complementary strand of (i), (ii), or (iii) (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). A subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 21 contains at least 100 contiguous nucleotides or preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides.

The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 21, or a subsequence thereof, as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 20, or SEQ ID NO: 22, or a fragment thereof, may be used to design a nucleic acid probe to identify and clone DNA encoding polypeptides having endoglucanase activity from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art. In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 14, preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 35, and most preferably at least 70 nucleotides in length. It is, however, preferred that the nucleic acid probe is at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the nucleic acid probe may be at least 200 nucleotides, preferably at least 300 nucleotides, more preferably at least 400 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 500 nucleotides in length. Even longer probes may be used, e.g., nucleic acid probes that are at least 600 nucleotides, at least preferably at least 700 nucleotides, more preferably at least 800 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 900 nucleotides in length. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with ³²P, ³H, ³⁵S, biotin, or avidin). Such probes are encompassed by the present invention.

A genomic DNA or cDNA library prepared from such other organisms may, therefore, be screened for DNA that hybridizes with the probes described above and encodes a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity. Genomic or other DNA from such other organisms may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques. DNA from the libraries or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material. In order to identify a clone or DNA that is homologous with the sequences described above, the carrier material is used in a Southern blot.

For purposes of the present invention, hybridization indicates that the nucleotide sequence hybridizes to a labeled nucleic acid probe corresponding to one of the nucleotide sequences described above under very low to very high stringency conditions. Molecules to that the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under these conditions can be detected using X-ray film.

For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, very low to very high stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low and low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally.

For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS preferably at 45° C. (very low stringency), more preferably at 50° C. (low stringency), more preferably at 55° C. (medium stringency), more preferably at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at 65° C. (high stringency), and most preferably at 70° C. (very high stringency).

For short probes that are about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization, hybridization, and washing post-hybridization at about 5° C. to about 10° C. below the calculated T_(n), using the calculation according to Bolton and McCarthy (1962, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 48:1390) in 0.9 M NaCl, 0.09 M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 6 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, 1×Denhardt's solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM sodium monobasic phosphate, 0.1 mM ATP, and 0.2 mg of yeast RNA per ml following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally.

For short probes that are about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is washed once in 6×SCC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6×SSC at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated T_(m).

Polypeptides Having Biological Activity and Polynucleotides Thereof

Any polypeptide that is poorly secreted or not secreted at all may be used in the methods of the present invention. The polypeptide may be any polypeptide having a biological activity of interest. The polypeptide having biological activity may be native or heterologous (foreign) to the fungal host cell of interest. The term “heterologous polypeptide” is defined herein as a polypeptide that is not native to the host cell; or a native polypeptide in which structural modifications have been made to alter the native polypeptide.

In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an antibody, antigen, antimicrobial peptide, enzyme, growth factor, hormone, immunodilator, neurotransmitter, receptor, reporter protein, or structural protein.

In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an albumin, collagen, tropoelastin, elastin, or gelatin.

In a more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase.

In an even more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an alpha-amylase, alpha-1,3-glucanase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-1,6-mannosidase, aminopeptidase, amylase, arabinase, beta-agarase beta-amylase, beta-1,3-glucanase, beta-1,6-glucanase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, beta-mannosidase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, chitosanase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, dextranase, endo-1,4-beta-galactanase, endo-1,6-beta-galactanase, esterase, fucosidase, glucoamylase, glucocerebrosidase, hyaluronidase, inulinase, invertase, laccase, levanase, licheninase, lipase, lysozyme, mannosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phospholipase, phytase, polygalacturonase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, rhamnogalacturonase, rhamnosidase, ribonuclease, trehalase, transglutaminase, transglycosylase, urokinase, or xylanase.

In another even more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a cellulolytic enzyme or cellulase. Examples of cellulolytic enzymes include, but are not limited to, endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases. Other proteins that assist cellulolytic enzyme action are polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity (see, for example, WO 2005/074647, WO 2005/074656, and U.S. Published Application 2007/0077630).

In a most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endoglucanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a cellobiohydrolase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a beta-glucosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a hemicellulase. Hemicellulases can be placed into three general categories: the endo-acting enzymes that attack internal bonds within the polysaccharide chain, the exo-acting enzymes that act processively from either the reducing or nonreducing end of polysaccharide chain, and the accessory enzymes, acetylesterases and esterases that hydrolyze lignin glycoside bonds, such as coumaric acid esterase and ferulic acid esterase (Wong, K. K. Y., Tan, L. U. L., and Saddler, J. N., 1988, Multiplicity of β-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: Functions and applications, Microbiol. Rev. 52: 305-317; Tenkanen, M., and Poutanen, K., 1992, Significance of esterases in the degradation of xylans, in Xylans and Xylanases, Visser, J., Beldman, G., Kuster-van Someren, M. A., and Voragen, A. G. J., eds., Elsevier, New York, N.Y., 203-212; Coughlan, M. P., and Hazlewood, G. P., 1993, Hemicellulose and hemicellulases, Portland, London, UK; Brigham, J. S., Adney, W. S., and Himmel, M. E., 1996, Hemicellulases: Diversity and applications, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 119-141).

Hemicellulases include, but are not limited to, xylanases, arabinofuranosidases, acetyl xylan esterase, glucuronidases, endo-galactanase, mannanases, endo- or exo-arabinases, exo-galactanases, and mixtures thereof. Examples of endo-acting hemicellulases and ancillary enzymes include, but are not limited to, endoarabinanase, endoarabinogalactanase, endoglucanase, endomannanase, endoxylanase, and feraxan endoxylanase. Examples of exo-acting hemicellulases and ancillary enzymes include, but are not limited to, alpha-L-arabinosidase, beta-L-arabinosidase, alpha-1,2-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D-mannosidase, beta-D-xylosidase, exoglucosidase, exocellobiohydrolase, exomannobiohydrolase, exomannanase, exoxylanase, xylan alpha-glucuronidase, and coniferin beta-glucosidase. Examples of esterases include, but are not limited to, acetyl esterases (acetylgalactan esterase, acetylmannan esterase, and acetylxylan esterase) and aryl esterases (coumaric acid esterase and ferulic acid esterase).

In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a xylanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a xyloglucanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an arabinofuranosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a glucuronidase, e.g., alpha-glucuronidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endo-galactanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a mannanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endo-arabinase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an exo-arabinase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endoarabinanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endoarabinogalactanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endoglucanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endomannanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an endoxylanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an feraxan endoxylanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an alpha-L-arabinosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an beta-L-arabinosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an beta-glucanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an alpha-1,2-L-fucosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an alpha-D-galactosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a beta-D-galactosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a beta-D-glucosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a beta-D-glucuronidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a beta-D-mannosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a beta-D-xylosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a exoglucosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a exomannobiohydrolase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a exomannanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a exoxylanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a xylan alpha-glucuronidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a coniferin beta-glucosidase.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an esterase. As used herein, an “esterase” also known as a carboxylic ester hydrolase, refers to enzymes acting on ester bonds, and includes enzymes classified in EC 3.1.1 Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases according to Enzyme Nomenclature (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., with Supplement 1 (1993), Supplement 2 (1994), Supplement 3 (1995), Supplement 4 (1997) and Supplement 5, in Eur. J. Biochem. 223: 1-5, 1994; Eur. J. Biochem. 232: 1-6, 1995; Eur. J. Biochem. 237: 1-5, 1996; Eur. J. Biochem. 250: 1-6, 1997, and Eur. J. Biochem. 264: 610-650, 1999; respectively). Non-limiting examples of esterases include arylesterase, triacylglycerol lipase, acetylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cholinesterase, tropinesterase, pectinesterase, sterol esterase, chlorophyllase, L-arabinonolactonase, gluconolactonase, uronolactonase, tannase, retinyl-palmitate esterase, hydroxybutyrate-dimer hydrolase, acylglycerol lipase, 3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase, 1,4-lactonase, galactolipase, 4-pyridoxolactonase, acylcarnitine hydrolase, aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase, D-arabinonolactonase, 6-phosphogluconolactonase, phospholipase A1, 6-acetylglucose deacetylase, lipoprotein lipase, dihydrocoumarin lipase, limonin-D-ring-lactonase, steroid-lactonase, triacetate-lactonase, actinomycin lactonase, orsellinate-depside hydrolase, cephalosporin-C deacetylase, chlorogenate hydrolase, alpha-amino-acid esterase, 4-methyloxaloacetate esterase, carboxymethylenebutenolidase, deoxylimonate A-ring-lactonase, 2-acetyl-1-alkylglycerophosphocholine esterase, fusarinine-C ornithinesterase, sinapine esterase, wax-ester hydrolase, phorbol-diester hydrolase, phosphatidylinositol deacylase, sialate 0-acetylesterase, acetoxybutynylbithiophene deacetylase, acetylsalicylate deacetylase, methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase, N-acetylgalactosaminoglycan deacetylase, juvenile-hormone esterase, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate esterase, protein-glutamate methylesterase, 11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, L-rhamnono-1,4-lactonase, 5-(3,4-diacetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene deacetylase, fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester synthase, xylono-1,4-lactonase, N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase, cetraxate benzylesterase, and acetylalkylglycerol acetylhydrolase. Esterases that can be used for bioconversion of cellulose include acetyl esterases such as acetylgalactan esterase, acetylmannan esterase, and acetylxylan esterase, and esterases that hydrolyze lignin glycoside bonds, such as coumaric acid esterase and ferulic acid esterase.

In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an acetyl esterase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an acetylgalactan esterase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an acetylmannan esterase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an acetyl xylan esterase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an aryl esterase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a coumaric acid esterase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a ferulic acid esterase.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a lipase. In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a phospholipase, e.g., phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase C, or phospholipase D.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a cutinase.

In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a glucose isomerase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a xylose isomerase.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a proteolytic enzyme. Proteases are well known in the art and refer to enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds.

In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a serine protease. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a metalloprotease. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a thiol protease.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a peptidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an aminopeptidase, e.g., dipeptidylaminopeptidase or tripeptidylaminopeptidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a carboxypeptidase.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a laccase.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a peroxidase.

In another more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a starch degrading enzyme. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an alpha-amylase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an amyloglucosidase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is pullulanase. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a debranching enzyme. In another most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a cylcodextrin glycosyltransferase.

A polynucleotide encoding a catalytic domain, mature polypeptide, or full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, or a portion thereof, may be obtained from any organism.

A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having biological activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a bacterial polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide may be a Gram positive bacterial polypeptide including, but not limited to, a Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, or Oceanobacillus polypeptide; or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide including, but not limited to, an E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, Ilyobacter, Neisseria, or Ureaplasma polypeptide.

In a preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having biological activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide.

In another preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having biological activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus uberis, or Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus polypeptide.

In another preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having biological activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus, or Streptomyces lividans polypeptide.

A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having biological activity may also be obtained from a gene encoding a fungal polypeptide, and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide; or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as an Acremonium, Agaricus, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Botryosphaeria, Ceriporiopsis, Chaetomidium, Chrysosporium, Claviceps, Cochliobolus, Coprinopsis, Coptotermes, Corynascus, Cryphonectria, Cryptococcus, Diplodia, Exidia, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Holomastigotoides, Humicola, Irpex, Lentinula, Leptospaeria, Magnaporthe, Melanocarpus, Meripilus, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Piromyces, Poitrasia, Pseudoplectania, Pseudotrichonympha, Rhizomucor, Schizophyllum, Scytalidium, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Trichophaea, Verticillium, Volvariella, or Xylaria polypeptide.

In a preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having biological activity may be obtained from a gene encoding a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide.

In another preferred aspect, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having endoglucanase activity may be obtained from a gene encoding an Acremonium cellulolyticus, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium merdarium, Chrysosporium inops, Chrysosporium pannicola, Chrysosporium queenslandicum, Chrysosporium zonatum, Cladorrhinum foecundissimum, Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, Fusarium venenatum, Humicola grisea, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Irpex lacteus, Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Thielavia achromatica, Thielavia albomyces, Thielavia albopilosa, Thielavia australeinsis, Thielavia fimeti, Thielavia microspora, Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededonium, Thielavia setosa, Thielavia subthermophila, Thielavia terrestris, Thielavia variospora, Thielavia wareingii, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, or Trichoderma viride

In a particularly preferred aspect, the polypeptide having biological activity is a beta-glucosidase. Examples of beta-glucosidases that can be used as sources for the polynucleotides in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, an Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (WO 02/095014; WO 04/099228); Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase (Kawaguchi et al., 1996, Gene 173: 287-288); Aspergillus avenaceus (GENBANK™ accession no. AY943971); Aspergillus fumigatus (GENBANK™ accession no. XM745234); Aspergillus kawachii (GENBANK™ accession no. AB003470); Aspergillus niger (GENBANK™ AJ132386); Magnaporthe grisea (GENBANK™ accession no. AY849670); Phanerochaete chrysosporium (GENBANK™ accession no. AB253327); Talaromyces emersonii (GENBANK™ accession no. AY072918), and Trichoderma reesei (GENBANK™ accession nos. U09580, AB003110, AY281374, AY281375, AY281377, AY281378, and AY281379). Variants of beta-glucosidases may also be used as sources for the polynucleotides such as those described in WO 04/099228.

In a preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 1 beta-glucosidase gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Family 3 beta-glucosidase gene.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase gene. In a most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 23 that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 24 or an Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase mutant gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 25 that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 26.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase gene. In a most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from an Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 27 that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 28.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Penicillium brasilianum strain IBT 20888 beta-glucosidase gene. In a most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Penicillium brasilianum strain IBT 20888 beta-glucosidase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 29 that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 30.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Trichoderma reesei strain No. QM9414 beta-glucosidase gene. In another most preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a Trichoderma reesei strain No. QM9414 beta-glucosidase gene comprising SEQ ID NO: 31 that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 32 (GENBANK™ accession no. U09580).

In another preferred aspect, the beta-glucosidase is naturally secreted. In another preferred aspect, the beta-glucosidase is not naturally secreted.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide obtained from a gene encoding a homologous polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has a degree of identity to the amino acid sequences of the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, or SEQ ID NO: 32 of at least 60%, preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, which have endoglucanase activity. In a preferred aspect, the homologous polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that differs by ten amino acids, preferably by five amino acids, more preferably by four amino acids, even more preferably by three amino acids, most preferably by two amino acids, and even most preferably by one amino acid from the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, or SEQ ID NO: 32.

In another preferred aspect, the full-length polypeptide, mature polypeptide, or catalytic domain of the beta-glucosidase, or a portion thereof, is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with (i) SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, or SEQ ID NO: 31, (ii) the cDNA sequence contained in SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, or SEQ ID NO: 31, (iii) a subsequence of (i) or (ii), or (iv) a complementary strand of (i), (ii), or (iii) (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). A subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, or SEQ ID NO: 31 contains at least 100 contiguous nucleotides or preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides.

The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 29, or SEQ ID NO: 31, or a subsequence thereof, as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 30, or SEQ ID NO: 32, or a fragment thereof, may be used to design a nucleic acid probe to identify and clone DNA encoding polypeptides having beta-glucosidase activity from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art. In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 14, preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 35, and most preferably at least 70 nucleotides in length. It is, however, preferred that the nucleic acid probe is at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the nucleic acid probe may be at least 200 nucleotides, preferably at least 300 nucleotides, more preferably at least 400 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 500 nucleotides in length. Even longer probes may be used, e.g., nucleic acid probes that are at least 600 nucleotides, at least preferably at least 700 nucleotides, more preferably at least 800 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 900 nucleotides in length. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with ³²P, ³H, ³⁵S, biotin, or avidin). Such probes are encompassed by the present invention.

Signal Peptides

The signal peptide can be any appropriate signal peptide recognized by a host cell for extracellular secretion of a fusion protein of the present invention. The signal sequence is preferably that which is naturally associated with the endoglucanase component of the fusion protein to be expressed.

The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide may inherently contain a signal peptide coding region naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding region that encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively, the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding region that is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signal peptide coding region may be required where the coding sequence does not naturally contain a signal peptide coding region. Alternatively, the foreign signal peptide coding region may simply replace the natural signal peptide coding region in order to enhance secretion of the polypeptide. However, any signal peptide coding region that directs the expressed fusion protein into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice, i.e., secreted into a culture medium, may be used in the present invention.

Effective signal peptide coding sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are the signal peptide coding sequence obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger neutral amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Humicola insolens cellulase, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V, and Humicola lanuginosa lipase, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase IV, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei xylanase I, Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, and Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase.

Useful signal peptide coding sequences for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase. Other useful signal peptide coding sequence are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra.

In a preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding sequence is obtained from a gene that encodes an endoglucanase. In a more preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding sequence is obtained from a gene that encodes an endoglucanase V. In an even more preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding sequence is obtained from a Humicola insolens gene that encodes an endoglucanase V. In a most preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding sequence encodes amino acids 1 to 21 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another most preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding sequence is nucleotides 1 to 63 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The fusion protein may further comprise a second signal peptide that is associated with the beta-glucosidase component of the fusion protein. The signal peptide coding sequence may be the signal peptide coding sequence that is naturally associated with the coding sequence of the polypeptide having biological activity or may be a different signal peptide coding sequence such as one of those described above.

In a preferred aspect, the signal peptide coding sequence is a sequence naturally associated with a beta-glucosidase coding sequence.

Linkers

As mentioned supra, many endoglucanases have a multidomain structure consisting of a catalytic domain separated from one or more carbohydrate binding modules by a linker peptide(s). In the methods of the present invention, the fusion protein constructs can further comprise a linker coding sequence located 3′ to the sequence comprising the endoglucanase catalytic domain and 5′ to the sequence comprising the catalytic domain of the polypeptide having biological activity.

The linker can be obtained from the same gene as the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase or from a different endoglucanase gene. On the other hand, the linker can be synthetic in origin.

Examples of linkers that can be used in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, linkers obtained from the genes for the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (Srisodsuk et al., 1993, Journal of Biological Chemistry 268: 20765-20761); Hypocrea jecorina (formerly Trichoderma reesei) Cel7A cellobiohydrolase (Mulakala et al., 2005, Proteins 60: 598-605); Humicola insolens endoglucanase V; and Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase.

In a preferred aspect, the linker is obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase gene. In another preferred aspect, the linker is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase gene. In a more preferred aspect, the linker is obtained from a Humicola insolens endoglucanase V (eg5) gene.

In another preferred aspect, the linker is obtained from a Thielavia terrestris endoglucanase gene. In another more preferred aspect, the linker is obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase gene.

In a preferred aspect, the linker is at least 5 amino acid residues. In a more preferred aspect, the linker is at least 15 amino acid residues. In a most preferred aspect, the linker is at least 25 amino acid residues.

In a preferred aspect, the linker is between about 5 to about 60 amino acid residues. In a more preferred aspect, the linker is between about 15 to about 50 amino acid residues. In a most preferred aspect, the linker is between about 25 to about 45 amino acid residues.

Carbohydrate Binding Modules

Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are defined as contiguous amino acid sequences with a discrete fold having carbohydrate binding activity, and are commonly found within carbohydrate-active enzymes. A number of types of CBMs have been described, and a majority thereof bind to insoluble polysaccharides (see Boraston et al, 2004, Biochem J. 382: 769-781). Carbohydrate binding modules have been characterized which mediate interaction with, for example, crystalline cellulose, non-crystalline cellulose, chitin, beta-1,3-glucans and beta-1,3-1,4-mixed linkage glucans, xylan, mannan, galactan and starch. Carbohydrate binding modules, occur in frequently in multi-domain cellulases. While some CBMS confer specific binding to a subset of carbohydrate structures, others are more general in their ability to associate with various polysaccharides. CBMs which confer binding to cellulose are sometimes referred to as cellulose binding domains, or CBDs (Boraston et al, 2004, Biochem J. 382: 769-781). CBMs are grouped by amino acid similarity; currently, 48 CBM families are described.

Glycoside hydrolases can comprise more than one catalytic domain and one, two, three, or more CBMs, and optionally further comprise one or more polypeptide amino acid sequence regions linking the CBM(s) with the catalytic domain(s), a region of the latter type usually being denoted a “linker”. Examples of hydrolytic enzymes comprising a CBM are cellulases, xylanases, mannanases, arabinofuranosidases, acetylesterases and chitinases (See P. Tomme et al., Cellulose-Binding Domains—Classification and Properties in Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates, John N. Saddler and Michael H. Penner (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series, No. 618, 1996).

A CBM may be located at the N or C terminus or at an internal position of a protein or polypeptide. The region of a polypeptide or protein that constitutes a CBM typically consists of more than about 30 and less than about 250 amino acid residues. For example: those CBMs listed and classified in Family I consist of 33-37 amino acid residues, those listed and classified in Family 2a consist of 95-108 amino acid residues, and those listed and classified in Family 6 consist of 85-92 amino acid residues. Accordingly, the molecular weight of an amino acid sequence constituting a CBM will typically be in the range of from about 4 kDa to about 40 kDa, and usually below about 35 kDa.

In the methods of the present invention, any CBM may be used. The CBM may be naturally associated with the endoglucanase or may be foreign to the endoglucanase.

In a preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase (EG) gene. In a more preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase EGI gene. In another more preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase EGII gene. In another more preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase EGV.

In another preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase (CBH) gene. In another preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei CBHI gene (Terri et al., 1987, Gene 51: 42-52; Linder and Teeri, 1996, Biochemistry 93: 12251-12255). In another preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Trichoderma reesei CBHII gene.

In another preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Thielavia terrestris endoglucanase gene. In another more preferred aspect, a CBM is obtained from a Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase gene.

Cleavage Site

In the methods of the present invention, the fusion protein constructs can further comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a cleavage site. The cleavage site is preferably located between the sequence comprising at least the endoglucanase catalytic domain and the sequence comprising at least the catalytic domain of the polypeptide having biological activity. Upon secretion of the fusion protein, the site is cleaved releasing the polypeptide having biological activity from the fusion protein.

Examples of cleavage sites include, but are not limited to, a Kex2 site that encodes the dipeptide Lys-Arg (Martin et al., 2003, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 3: 568-76; Svetina et al., 2000, J. Biotechnol. 76: 245-251; Rasmussen-Wilson et al., 1997, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3488-3493; Ward et al., 1995, Biotechnology 13: 498-503; and Contreras et al., 1991, Biotechnology 9: 378-381), an Ile-(Glu or Asp)-Gly-Arg site, which is cleaved by a Factor Xa protease after the arginine residue (Eaton et al., 1986, Biochem. 25: 505-512); a Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys site, which is cleaved by an enterokinase after the lysine (Collins-Racie et al., 1995, Biotechnology 13: 982-987); a His-Tyr-Glu site or His-Tyr-Asp site, which is cleaved by Genenase I (Carter et al., 1989, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 6: 240-248); a Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser site, which is cleaved by thrombin after the Arg (Stevens, 2003, Drug Discovery World 4: 35-48); a Glu-Asn-Leu-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Gly site, which is cleaved by TEV protease after the Gln (Stevens, 2003, supra); and a Leu-Glu-Val-Leu-Phe-Gln-Gly-Pro site, which is cleaved by a genetically engineered form of human rhinovirus 3C protease after the Gln (Stevens, 2003, supra).

Fusion Proteins

A fusion protein having biological activity of the present invention comprising a signal peptide, at least the catalytic domain of an endoglucanase or a portion thereof, and at least the catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity or a portion thereof, increases secretion of the fusion protein compared to the absence of at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase or a portion thereof. In each of the preferred aspects below, the components of a fusion protein are linked in frame from the N terminus to the C terminus of the protein.

In a preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; and a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; and a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase (signal peptide and mature polypeptide); and a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity and a full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase (signal peptide and mature polypeptide).

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a full-length polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a catalytic domain of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity.

In another preferred aspect, the fusion protein comprises a signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of a polypeptide having biological activity, a linker and/or a carbohydrate binding module; a second signal peptide; and a mature polypeptide of an endoglucanase.

In another preferred aspect, for each of the preferred aspects above, the fusion protein may alternatively comprise a portion of the catalytic domain, the mature polypeptide, or the full-length polypeptide of an endoglucanase or a polypeptide having biological activity. The a portion of the endoglucanase may or may not have endoglucanase activity. In a more preferred aspect, the portion of the endoglucanase has endoglucanase activity.

Promoters

The promoter region can be any appropriate promoter sequence recognized by a host cell for expression of a fusion protein. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences that mediate the expression of the polypeptide. The promoter may be any nucleotide sequence that shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, tandem, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either native or foreign (heterologous) to the host cell. Exemplary promoters include both constitutive promoters and inducible promoters.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing transcription of the fusion protein constructs of the present invention, especially in a bacterial host cell, are the promoters obtained from the E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ), Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillus subtilis xylA and xylB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75: 3727-3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80: 21-25). Further promoters are described in “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in Scientific American, 1980, 242: 74-94; and in Sambrook et al., 1989, supra.

Examples of suitable promoters for directing transcription of the fusion protein constructs of the present invention in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, Fusarium venenatum amyloglucosidase (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Dania (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Quinn (WO 00/56900), Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease (WO 96/00787), Trichoderma reesei beta-glucosidase, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase IV, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei xylanase I, Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase, Coprinus cinereus beta-tubulin, and Trichoderma reesei swollenin, as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase); and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof.

In a yeast host, useful promoters are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase (GAL1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH1, ADH2/GAP), Saccharomyces cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionine (CUP1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, Yeast 8: 423-488.

In a preferred aspect, the promoter is a cellobiohydrolase promoter. In a more preferred aspect, the promoter is a cellobiohydrolase I (cbh1) promoter. In an even more preferred aspect, the promoter is a Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) promoter. In a most preferred aspect, the promoter is the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter of nucleotides 505 to 1501 of SEQ ID NO: 29 (GENBANK™ accession no. D86235). In another more preferred aspect, the promoter is a cellobiohydrolase II (cbh2) promoter. In another even more preferred aspect, the promoter is a Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II gene (cbh2) promoter. In another most preferred aspect, the promoter is the Trichoderma reesei cbh2 promoter of nucleotides 1 to 582 of SEQ ID NO: 30 (GENBANK™ accession no. M55080).

In another preferred aspect, the promoter is the NA2-tpi promoter. In another preferred aspect, the promoter is a TAKA amylase promoter. In another preferred aspect, the promoter is a Fusarium venenatum amyloglucosidase promoter. In another preferred aspect, the promoter is a Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease promoter. In another preferred aspect, the promoter is an Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (gIaA) promoter.

In a preferred aspect, the promoter region drives expression of the first, second, and third polynucleotides, and alternatively also the fourth polynucleotide.

Terminators

The terminator can be any suitable transcription terminator sequence recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.

Preferred terminators for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease.

Preferred terminators for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome C (CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al., 1992, supra.

In a preferred aspect, the terminator is a cellobiohydrolase gene terminator. In a more preferred aspect, the terminator is a cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) terminator. In an even more preferred aspect, the terminator is a Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) terminator. In a most preferred aspect, the terminator is the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 terminator of SEQ ID NO: 31. In another more preferred aspect, the terminator is a cellobiohydrolase II gene (cbh2) terminator. In another even more preferred aspect, the terminator is a Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II gene (cbh2) terminator. In another most preferred aspect, the terminator is the Trichoderma reesei cbh2 terminator of SEQ ID NO: 32.

In another preferred aspect, the terminator is a TAKA amylase terminator. In another preferred aspect, the promoter is a Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease terminator. In another preferred aspect, the promoter is an Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (gIaA) terminator.

Other Regulatory Sequences

The fusion protein constructs can further comprise other regulatory elements such as a leader, polyadenylation sequence, and other elements.

The regulatory sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, a nontranslated region of an mRNA that is important for translation by the host cell. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion protein. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.

Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulans triose phosphate isomerase.

Suitable leaders for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP).

The regulatory sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleotide sequence and, when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.

Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase.

Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are described by Guo and Sherman, 1995, Molecular Cellular Biology 15: 5983-5990.

It may also be desirable to add regulatory sequences that allow the regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory systems are those that cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Regulatory systems in prokaryotic systems include the lac, tac, and trp operator systems. In yeast, the ADH2 system or GAL1 system may be used. In filamentous fungi, the TAKA alpha-amylase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, and Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter may be used as regulatory sequences. Other examples of regulatory sequences are those that allow for gene amplification. In eukaryotic systems, these include the dihydrofolate reductase gene, which is amplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes, which are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide would be operably linked with the regulatory sequence.

The fusion protein constructs preferably contain one or more selectable markers that permit easy selection of transformed, transfected, transduced, or the like cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like.

Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers that confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline resistance. Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include, but are not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpC (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents thereof. Preferred for use in an Aspergillus cell are the amdS and pyrG genes of Aspergillus nidulans or Aspergillus oryzae and the bar gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

Expression Vectors

The present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors comprising a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein, a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The various nucleic acids and control sequences described herein may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector that may include one or more convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein may be expressed by inserting the nucleotide sequence or a fusion protein construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression.

The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid or virus) that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about expression of the nucleotide sequence. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids.

The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector that exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one that, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon may be used.

The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more selectable markers that permit easy selection of transformed, transfected, transduced, or the like cells. Examples of bacterial, yeast, filamentous fungal selectable markers are described herein.

A vector of the present invention preferably contain an element(s) that permits integration of the vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome.

For integration into the host cell genome, the vector may rely on the polynucleotide's sequence encoding the polypeptide or any other element of the vector for integration into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Alternatively, the vector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s). To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids, such as 100 to 10,000 base pairs, preferably 400 to 10,000 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which have a high degree of identity with the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell. Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotide sequences. On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into the genome of the host cell by non-homologous recombination.

For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question. The origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication that functions in a cell. The term “origin of replication” or “plasmid replicator” is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo.

Examples of bacterial origins of replication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322, pUC19, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in E. coli, and pUB110, pE194, pTA1060, and pAMR1 permitting replication in Bacillus.

Examples of origins of replication for use in a yeast host cell are the 2 micron origin of replication, ARS1, ARS4, the combination of ARS1 and CEN3, and the combination of ARS4 and CEN6.

Examples of origins of replication useful in a filamentous fungal cell are AMA1 and ANSI (Gems et al., 1991, Gene 98: 61-67; Cullen et al., 1987, Nucleic Acids Research 15: 9163-9175; WO 00/24883). Isolation of the AMA1 gene and construction of plasmids or vectors comprising the gene can be accomplished according to the methods disclosed in WO 00/24883.

More than one copy of a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein may be inserted into the host cell to increase production of the gene product. An increase in the copy number of the polynucleotide can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the sequence into the host cell genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with the polynucleotide where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the polynucleotide, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent.

The procedures used to ligate the elements described above to construct the recombinant expression vectors of the present invention are well known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, supra).

Host Cells

The present invention also relates to recombinant fungal host cells, comprising a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein of the present invention, which are advantageously used in the recombinant production of the protein. A vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention is introduced into a fungal host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication.

The fungal host cell may be any fungal cell useful in the recombinant production of a polypeptide of the present invention.

“Fungi” as used herein includes the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra, page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra).

In a preferred aspect, the fungal host cell is a yeast cell. “Yeast” as used herein includes ascosporogenous yeast (Endomycetales), basidiosporogenous yeast, and yeast belonging to the Fungi Imperfecti (Blastomycetes). Since the classification of yeast may change in the future, for the purposes of this invention, yeast shall be defined as described in Biology and Activities of Yeast (Skinner, F. A., Passmore, S. M., and Davenport, R. R., eds, Soc. App. Bacteriol. Symposium Series No. 9, 1980).

In a more preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Candida, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia cell.

In a most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis cell. In another most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Kluyveromyces lactis cell. In another most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Yarrowia lipolytica cell.

In another preferred aspect, the fungal host cell is a filamentous fungal cell. “Filamentous fungi” include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra). The filamentous fungi are generally characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chitin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic. In contrast, vegetative growth by yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is by budding of a unicellular thallus and carbon catabolism may be fermentative.

In a more preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Bjerkandera, Ceriporiopsis, Chrysosporium, Coprinus, Coriolus, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phlebia, Piromyces, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trametes, or Trichoderma cell.

In a most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae cell. In another most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum, Fusarium trichothecioides, or Fusarium venenatum cell. In another most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Bjerkandera adusta, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis aneirina, Ceriporiopsis caregiea, Ceriporiopsis gilvescens, Ceriporiopsis pannocinta, Ceriporiopsis rivulosa, Ceriporiopsis subrufa, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium merdarium, Chrysosporium inops, Chrysosporium pannicola, Chrysosporium queenslandicum, Chrysosporium zonatum, Coprinus cinereus, Coriolus hirsutus, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila, Neurospora crassa, Penicillium purpurogenum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus eryngii, Thielavia terrestris, Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, or Trichoderma viride cell.

Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se. Suitable procedures for transformation of Aspergillus and Trichoderma host cells are described in EP 238 023 and Yelton et al., 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 81: 1470-1474. Suitable methods for transforming Fusarium species are described by Malardier et al., 1989, Gene 78: 147-156, and WO 96/00787. Yeast may be transformed using the procedures described by Becker and Guarente, In Abelson, J. N. and Simon, M. I., editors, Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, pp 182-187, Academic Press, Inc., New York; Ito et al., 1983, Journal of Bacteriology 153: 163; and Hinnen et al., 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75: 1920.

Production and Recovery

In the methods of the present invention, the fungal host cell is cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of a polypeptide having biological activity using methods well known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, and small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).

In the methods of the present invention, the polypeptide having biological activity is selected from the group consisting of a fusion protein, components of the fusion protein, and a combination of the fusion protein and the components thereof.

In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide having biological activity is a fusion protein.

In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide having biological activity is a component(s) of a fusion protein.

In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide having biological activity is a combination of a fusion protein and components thereof.

The polypeptides having biological activity may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptides. These detection methods may include use of specific antibodies, formation of an enzyme product, or disappearance of an enzyme substrate. For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of the polypeptide, as described herein, which can include both endoglucanase activity and a specific biological activity.

The resulting polypeptide having biological activity, e.g., beta-glucosidase fusion protein or a component thereof, may be recovered using methods known in the art. For example, the polypeptide may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation.

The polypeptides of the present invention may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE, or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989) to obtain substantially pure polypeptides.

Compositions

The present invention also relates to compositions comprising a polypeptide having biological activity of the present invention. Preferably, the compositions are enriched in such a polypeptide. The term “enriched” indicates that the biological activity of the composition has been increased, e.g., with an enrichment factor of at least 1.1.

The composition may comprise a polypeptide of the present invention as the major enzymatic component, e.g., a mono-component composition. Alternatively, the composition may comprise multiple enzymatic activities, such as an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, or xylanase. The additional enzyme(s) may be produced, for example, by a microorganism belonging to the genus Aspergillus, preferably Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, or Aspergillus oryzae; Fusarium, preferably Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium toruloseum, Fusarium trichothecioides, or Fusarium venenatum; Humicola, preferably Humicola insolens or Humicola lanuginosa; or Trichoderma, preferably Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, or Trichoderma viride.

The polypeptide compositions may be prepared in accordance with methods known in the art and may be in the form of a liquid or a dry composition. For instance, the polypeptide composition may be in the form of a granulate or a microgranulate. The polypeptide to be included in the composition may be stabilized in accordance with methods known in the art.

Examples are given below of preferred uses of the polypeptide compositions of the invention. The dosage of the polypeptide composition of the invention and other conditions under which the composition is used may be determined on the basis of methods known in the art.

Uses

The present invention is also directed to methods for using the fusion proteins or components thereof, or compositions thereof.

Methods of Processing Cellulosic Material

The methods of the present invention are particularly useful for improving the secretion of polypeptides having cellulolytic or hemicellulolytic activity in commercially important quantities, which can be used to degrade or convert lignocellulosic material. Such polypeptides include, but are not limited to endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, beta-glucosidases, xylanases, beta-xylosidases, arabinofuranosidases, acetyl xylan esterases, and ferulic acid esterases. Consequently, the present invention also relates to methods for degrading or converting a cellulosic material, comprising: treating the cellulosic material with an effective amount of a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of an effective amount of a fusion protein or a component thereof having cellulolytic activity or hemicellulolytic activity obtained according to the instant methods. For purposes of illustration, a polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity obtained according to the methods of the present invention, e.g., a beta-glucosidase fusion protein or a component thereof, is used for illustrative purposes.

Cellulosic biomass can include, but is not limited to, wood resources, municipal solid waste, wastepaper, crops, and crop residues (see, for example, Wiselogel et al., 1995, in Handbook on Bioethanol (Charles E. Wyman, editor), pp. 105-118, Taylor & Francis, Washington D.C.; Wyman, 1994, Bioresource Technology 50: 3-16; Lynd, 1990, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24/25: 695-719; Mosier et al., 1999, Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, T. Scheper, managing editor, Volume 65, pp. 23-40, Springer-Verlag, New York).

The predominant polysaccharide in the primary cell wall of biomass is cellulose, the second most abundant is hemicellulose, and the third is pectin. The secondary cell wall, produced after the cell has stopped growing, also contains polysaccharides and is strengthened by polymeric lignin covalently cross-linked to hemicellulose. Cellulose is a homopolymer of anhydrocellobiose and thus a linear beta-(1-4)-D-glucan, while hemicelluloses include a variety of compounds, such as xylans, xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of substituents. Although generally polymorphous, cellulose is found in plant tissue primarily as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains. Hemicelluloses usually hydrogen bond to cellulose, as well as to other hemicelluloses, which help stabilize the cell wall matrix. It will be understood herein that the term “cellulosic material” or “cellulose” also encompasses lignocellulose.

In the methods of the present invention, the cellulolytic enzyme composition may comprise any protein involved in the processing of cellulosic material to glucose, or hemicellulose to xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose, their polymers, or products derived from them as described below. The cellulolytic enzyme composition may be a monocomponent preparation, e.g., an endoglucanase, a multicomponent preparation, e.g., endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, beta-glucosidase, or a combination of multicomponent and monocomponent protein preparations. The cellulolytic proteins may have activity, i.e., hydrolyze cellulose, either in the acid, neutral, or alkaline pH-range. The cellulolytic enzyme composition can further comprise a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity according to WO 2005/074647, WO 2005/074656, and U.S. Published Application 2007/0077630.

The cellulolytic protein may be of fungal or bacterial origin, which may be obtainable or isolated and purified from microorganisms that are known capable of producing cellulolytic enzymes, e.g., species of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Coprinus, Thielavia, Fusarium, Myceliophthora, Acremonium, Cephalosporium, Scytalidium, Penicillium or Aspergillus (see, for example, EP 458162), especially those produced by a strain selected from Humicola insolens (reclassified as Scytalidium thermophilum, see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307), Coprinus cinereus, Fusarium oxysporum, Myceliophthora thermophila, Meripilus giganteus, Thielavia terrestris, Acremonium sp., Acremonium persicinum, Acremonium acremonium, Acremonium brachypenium, Acremonium dichromosporum, Acremonium obclavatum, Acremonium pinkertoniae, Acremonium roseogriseum, Acremonium incoloratum, and Acremonium furatum; preferably from Humicola insolens DSM 1800, Fusarium oxysporum DSM 2672, Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65, Cephalosporium sp. RYM-202, Acremonium sp. CBS 478.94, Acremonium sp. CBS 265.95, Acremonium persicinum CBS 169.65, Acremonium acremonium AHU 9519, Cephalosporium sp. CBS 535.71, Acremonium brachypenium CBS 866.73, Acremonium dichromosporum CBS 683.73, Acremonium obclavatum CBS 311.74, Acremonium pinkertoniae CBS 157.70, Acremonium roseogriseum CBS 134.56, Acremonium incoloratum CBS 146.62, and Acremonium furatum CBS 299.70H. Cellulolytic proteins may also be obtained from Trichoderma (particularly Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma reesei, and Trichoderma koningii), alkalophilic Bacillus (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,844,890 and EP 458162), and Streptomyces (see, for example, EP 458162). Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants of cellulolytic proteins may also be used.

Especially suitable cellulolytic proteins are the cellulases described in EP 495,257, EP 531,372, WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397, WO 98/08940. Other examples are cellulase variants such as those described in WO 94/07998, EP 531,315, U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,046, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,263, U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,593, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,178, U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,254, U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,757, WO 89/09259, WO 95/24471, WO 98/12307, and PCT/DK98/00299.

As mentioned above, the cellulolytic proteins used in the methods of the present invention may be monocomponent preparations, i.e., a component essentially free of other cellulolytic components. The single component may be a recombinant component, i.e., produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see, for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244). The host is preferably a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host), but the host may under certain conditions also be a homologous host (enzyme is native to host). Monocomponent cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth.

The cellulolytic proteins used in the methods of the present invention may be produced by fermentation of the above-noted microbial strains on a nutrient medium containing suitable carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art (see, e.g., Bennett, J. W. and LaSure, L. (eds.), More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, Academic Press, CA, 1991). Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). Temperature ranges and other conditions suitable for growth and cellulolytic protein production are known in the art (see, e.g., Bailey, J. E., and Ollis, D. F., Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY, 1986).

The fermentation can be any method of cultivation of a cell resulting in the expression or isolation of a cellulolytic protein. Fermentation may, therefore, be understood as comprising shake flask cultivation, or small- or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the cellulolytic protein to be expressed or isolated. The resulting cellulolytic proteins produced by the methods described above may be recovered from the fermentation medium and purified by conventional procedures as described herein.

Examples of commercial cellulolytic enzyme preparations suitable for use in the present invention include, for example, CELLUCLAST™ (available from Novozymes NS) and NOVOZYM™ 188 (available from Novozymes NS). Other commercially available preparations comprising cellulase that may be used include CELLUZYME™, CEREFLO™ and ULTRAFLO™ (Novozymes NS), LAMINEX™ and SPEZYME™ CP (Genencor Int.), ROHAMENT™ 7069 W (Röhm GmbH), and FIBREZYME® LDI, FIBREZYME® LBR, or VISCOSTAR® 150 L (Dyadic International, Inc., Jupiter, Fla., USA). The cellulase enzymes are added in amounts effective from about 0.001% to about 5.0% wt. of solids, more preferably from about 0.025% to about 4.0% wt. of solids, and most preferably from about 0.005% to about 2.0% wt. of solids.

The resulting cellulolytic proteins or beta-glucosidase proteins produced by the methods described above may be recovered from the fermentation medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation. The recovered protein may then be further purified by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g., ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.

The activity of a cellulolytic protein can be determined using any method known in the art.

Examples of cellulolytic preparations suitable for use in the present invention include, for example, CELLUCLAST™ (available from Novozymes NS) and NOVOZYM™ 188 (available from Novozymes NS). Other commercially available preparations comprising cellulase that may be used include CELLUZYME™, CEREFLO™ and ULTRAFLO™ (Novozymes NS), LAMINEX™ and SPEZYME™ CP (Genencor Int.), and ROHAMENT™ 7069 W (Röhm GmbH). The cellulase enzymes are added in amounts effective from about 0.001% to about 5.0% wt. of solids, more preferably from about 0.025% to about 4.0% wt. of solids, and most preferably from about 0.005% to about 2.0% wt. of solids.

As mentioned above, the cellulolytic proteins used in the methods of the present invention may be monocomponent preparations, i.e., a component essentially free of other cellulolytic components. The single component may be a recombinant component, i.e., produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see, for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244). Other examples of monocomponent cellulolytic proteins include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in JP-07203960-A and WO-9206209. The host is preferably a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host), but the host may under certain conditions also be a homologous host (enzyme is native to host). Monocomponent cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth.

Examples of monocomponent cellulolytic proteins useful in practicing the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and other enzymes useful in degrading cellulosic biomass.

The term “endoglucanase” is already defined herein. The term “cellobiohydrolase” is defined herein as a 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.91), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, cellooligosaccharides, or any beta-1,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chain. For purposes of the present invention, cellobiohydrolase activity can be determined according to the procedures described by Lever et al., 1972, Anal. Biochem. 47: 273-279 and by van Tilbeurgh et al., 1982, FEBS Letters 149: 152-156; van Tilbeurgh and Claeyssens, 1985, FEBS Letters 187: 283-288. In the present invention, the Lever et al. method was employed to assess hydrolysis of cellulose in corn stover.

The polypeptides of the present invention are used in conjunction with cellulolytic proteins to degrade the cellulosic component of the biomass substrate, (see, for example, Brigham et al., 1995, in Handbook on Bioethanol (Charles E. Wyman, editor), pp. 119-141, Taylor & Francis, Washington D.C.; Lee, 1997, Journal of Biotechnology 56: 1-24).

The optimum amounts of a polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity and of cellulolytic proteins depends on several factors including, but not limited to, the mixture of component cellulolytic proteins, the cellulosic substrate, the concentration of cellulosic substrate, the pretreatment(s) of the cellulosic substrate, temperature, time, pH, and inclusion of fermenting organism (e.g., yeast for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation). The term “cellulolytic proteins” is defined herein as those proteins or mixtures of proteins shown as being capable of hydrolyzing or converting or degrading cellulose under the conditions tested. Their amounts are usually measured by a common assay such as BCA (bicinchoninic acid, P. K. Smith et al., 1985, Anal. Biochem. 150: 76), and the preferred amount added in proportion to the amount of biomass being hydrolyzed.

In a preferred aspect, the amount of polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity per g of cellulosic material is about 0.01 to about 2.0 mg, preferably about 0.025 to about 1.5 mg, more preferably about 0.05 to about 1.25 mg, more preferably about 0.075 to about 1.25 mg, more preferably about 0.1 to about 1.25 mg, even more preferably about 0.15 to about 1.25 mg, and most preferably about 0.25 to about 1.0 mg per g of cellulosic material.

In another preferred aspect, the amount of cellulolytic proteins per g of cellulosic material is about 0.5 to about 50 mg, preferably about 0.5 to about 40 mg, more preferably about 0.5 to about 25 mg, more preferably about 0.75 to about 20 mg, more preferably about 0.75 to about 15 mg, even more preferably about 0.5 to about 10 mg, and most preferably about 2.5 to about 10 mg per g of cellulosic material.

The methods of the present invention can be used to degrade or convert a cellulosic material, e.g., lignocellulose, to many useful substances, e.g., chemicals and fuels. In addition to ethanol, some commodity and specialty chemicals that can be produced from cellulose include xylose, acetone, acetate, glycine, lysine, organic acids (e.g., lactic acid), 1,3-propanediol, butanediol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, furfural, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and cis,cis-muconic acid (Lynd, L. R., Wyman, C. E., and Gerngross, T. U., 1999, Biocommodity Engineering, Biotechnol. Prog., 15: 777-793; Philippidis, G. P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212; and Ryu, D. D. Y., and Mandels, M., 1980, Cellulases: biosynthesis and applications, Enz. Microb. Technol., 2: 91-102). Potential coproduction benefits extend beyond the synthesis of multiple organic products from fermentable carbohydrate. Lignin-rich residues remaining after biological processing can be converted to lignin-derived chemicals, or used for power production.

Conventional methods used to process the cellulosic material in accordance with the methods of the present invention are well understood to those skilled in the art. The methods of the present invention may be implemented using any conventional biomass processing apparatus configured to operate in accordance with the invention.

Such an apparatus may include a fed-batch stirred reactor, a batch-stirred reactor, a continuous flow stirred reactor with ultrafiltration, a continuous plug-flow column reactor (Fernanda de Castilhos Corazza, Flávio Faria de Moraes, Gisella Maria Zanin and Ivo Neitzel, 2003, Optimal control in fed-batch reactor for the cellobiose hydrolysis, Acta Scientiarum. Technology 25(1): 33-38; Gusakov, A. V., and Sinitsyn, A. P., 1985, Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: 1. A mathematical model for a batch reactor process, Enz. Microb. Technol. 7: 346-352), an attrition reactor (Ryu, S. K., and Lee, J. M., 1983, Bioconversion of waste cellulose by using an attrition bioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25: 53-65), or a reactor with intensive stirring induced by an electromagnetic field (Gusakov, A. V., Sinitsyn, A. P., Davydkin, I. Y., Davydkin, V. Y., Protas, O. V., 1996, Enhancement of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis using a novel type of bioreactor with intensive stirring induced by electromagnetic field, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 56: 141-153).

The conventional methods include, but are not limited to, saccharification, fermentation, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF), hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF), and direct microbial conversion (DMC).

SHF uses separate process steps to first enzymatically hydrolyze cellulose to fermentable sugars and then, in a subsequent step, ferments sugars to ethanol. In SSF, the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the fermentation of fermentable sugar to ethanol are combined in one step (Philippidis, G. P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212). SSCF includes the cofermentation of multiple sugars (Sheehan, J., and Himmel, M., 1999, Enzymes, energy and the environment: A strategic perspective on the U.S. Department of Energy's research and development activities for bioethanol, Biotechnol. Prog. 15: 817-827). HHF includes two separate steps carried out in the same reactor but at different temperatures, i.e., high temperature enzymatic saccharification followed by SSF at a lower temperature that the fermentation strain can tolerate. DMC combines all three processes (cellulase production, cellulose hydrolysis, and fermentation) in one step (Lynd, L. R., Weimer, P. J., van Zyl, W. H., and Pretorius, I. S., 2002, Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Reviews 66: 506-577).

“Fermentation” or “fermentation process” refers to any fermentation process or any process comprising a fermentation step. A fermentation process includes, without limitation, fermentation processes used to produce fermentation products including alcohols (e.g., arabinitol, butanol, ethanol, glycerol, methanol, 1,3-propanediol, sorbitol, and xylitol); organic acids (e.g., acetic acid, acetonic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glucaric acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutaric acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, and xylonic acid); ketones (e.g., acetone); amino acids (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, serine, and threonine); gases (e.g., methane, hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO)). Fermentation processes also include fermentation processes used in the consumable alcohol industry (e.g., beer and wine), dairy industry (e.g., fermented dairy products), leather industry, and tobacco industry.

A fusion protein or a component thereof having cellulolytic activity or hemicellulolytic activity obtained according to the methods of the present invention, e.g., a beta-glucosidase fusion protein or a component thereof, and host cells thereof, can be used in the production of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides as chemical or fermentation feedstocks from biomass for the production of ethanol, plastics, other products or intermediates. In particular, the polypeptides and host cells may be used to increase the value of processing residues (dried distillers grain, spent grains from brewing, sugarcane bagasse, etc.) by partial or complete solubilization of cellulose or hemicellulose. In boosting the processing of cellulosic material by the cellulolytic enzyme preparation to glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose, their polymers, or products derived from them as described below, the polypeptides may be in the form of a crude fermentation broth with or without the cells or in the form of a semi-purified or purified enzyme preparation. The polypeptide may be a monocomponent preparation, a multicomponent protein preparation, or a combination of multicomponent and monocomponent protein preparations. Alternatively, a host cell may be used as a source of such a polypeptide in a fermentation process with the biomass. The host cell may also contain native or heterologous genes that encode cellulolytic protein as well as other enzymes useful in the processing of biomass.

The present invention further relates to methods for producing an organic substance, comprising: (a) saccharifying a cellulosic material with an effective amount of a cellulolytic enzyme composition i in the presence of an effective amount of a fusion protein or a component thereof having cellulolytic activity or hemicellulolytic activity obtained according to the instant methods; (b) fermenting the saccharified cellulosic material of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms; and (c) recovering the organic substance from the fermentation. As indicated earlier, for purposes of illustration, a polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity obtained according to the methods of the present invention, e.g., a beta-glucosidase fusion protein or a component thereof, is used for illustrative purposes. The polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity may be in the form of a crude fermentation broth with or without the cells or in the form of a semi-purified or purified enzyme preparation. The beta-glucosidase protein may be a monocomponent preparation, a multicomponent protein preparation, or a combination of multicomponent and monocomponent protein preparations.

The substance can be any substance derived from the fermentation. In a preferred aspect, the substance is an alcohol. It will be understood that the term “alcohol” encompasses a substance that contains one or more hydroxyl moieties. In a more preferred aspect, the alcohol is arabinitol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is butanol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is ethanol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is glycerol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is methanol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is 1,3-propanediol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is sorbitol. In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is xylitol. See, for example, Gong, C. S., Cao, N. J., Du, J., and Tsao, G. T., 1999, Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, T., ed., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65: 207-241; Silveira, M. M., and Jonas, R., 2002, The biotechnological production of sorbitol, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59: 400-408; Nigam, P., and Singh, D., 1995, Processes for fermentative production of xylitol—a sugar substitute, Process Biochemistry 30 (2): 117-124; Ezeji, T. C., Qureshi, N. and Blaschek, H. P., 2003, Production of acetone, butanol and ethanol by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 and in situ recovery by gas stripping, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19 (6): 595-603.

In another preferred aspect, the substance is an organic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is acetic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is acetonic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is adipic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is ascorbic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is citric acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is formic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is fumaric acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is glucaric acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is gluconic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is glucuronic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is glutaric acid. In another preferred aspect, the organic acid is 3-hydroxypropionic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is itaconic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is lactic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is malic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is malonic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is oxalic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is propionic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is succinic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is xylonic acid. See, for example, Chen, R., and Lee, Y. Y., 1997, Membrane-mediated extractive fermentation for lactic acid production from cellulosic biomass, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65: 435-448.

In another preferred aspect, the substance is a ketone. It will be understood that the term “ketone” encompasses a substance that contains one or more ketone moieties. In another more preferred aspect, the ketone is acetone. See, for example, Qureshi and Blaschek, 2003, supra.

In another preferred aspect, the substance is an amino acid. In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is aspartic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is glutamic acid. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is glycine. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is lysine. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is serine. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is threonine. See, for example, Richard, A., and Margaritis, A., 2004, Empirical modeling of batch fermentation kinetics for poly(glutamic acid) production and other microbial biopolymers, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 87 (4): 501-515.

In another preferred aspect, the substance is a gas. In another more preferred aspect, the gas is methane. In another more preferred aspect, the gas is H₂. In another more preferred aspect, the gas is CO₂. In another more preferred aspect, the gas is CO. See, for example, Kataoka, N., A. Miya, and K. Kiriyama, 1997, Studies on hydrogen production by continuous culture system of hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacteria, Water Science and Technology 36 (6-7): 41-47; and Gunaseelan V. N. in Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 13 (1-2), pp. 83-114, 1997, Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: A review.

Production of a substance from cellulosic material typically requires four major steps.

These four steps are pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and recovery. Exemplified below is a process for producing ethanol, but it will be understood that similar processes can be used to produce other substances, for example, the substances described above.

Pretreatment.

In the pretreatment or pre-hydrolysis step, the cellulosic material is heated to break down the lignin and carbohydrate structure, solubilize most of the hemicellulose, and make the cellulose fraction accessible to cellulolytic enzymes. The heating is performed either directly with steam or in slurry where a catalyst may also be added to the material to speed up the reactions. Catalysts include strong acids, such as sulfuric acid and SO₂, or alkali, such as sodium hydroxide. The purpose of the pre-treatment stage is to facilitate the penetration of the enzymes and microorganisms. Cellulosic biomass may also be subject to a hydrothermal steam explosion pre-treatment (See U.S. Patent Application No. 20020164730). However, it is understood that in practicing the methods of the present invention, any pretreatment can be used employing thermal, chemical, and/or mechanical pretreatment.

Saccharification.

In the enzymatic hydrolysis step, also known as saccharification, enzymes as described herein are added to the pretreated material to convert the cellulose fraction to glucose and/or other sugars. The saccharification is generally performed in stirred-tank reactors or fermentors under controlled pH, temperature, and mixing conditions. A saccharification step may last up to 200 hours. Saccharification may be carried out at temperatures from about 30° C. to about 65° C., in particular around 50° C., and at a pH in the range between about 4 to about 5, especially around pH 4.5. To produce glucose that can be metabolized by yeast, the hydrolysis is typically performed in the presence of a beta-glucosidase.

Fermentation.

In the fermentation step, sugars, released from the cellulosic material as a result of the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps, are fermented to ethanol by a fermenting organism, such as yeast. The fermentation can also be carried out simultaneously with the enzymatic hydrolysis in the same vessel, again under controlled pH, temperature, and mixing conditions. When saccharification and fermentation are performed simultaneously in the same vessel, the process is generally termed simultaneous saccharification and fermentation or SSF.

Any suitable cellulosic material or raw material may be used in the fermentation step in practicing the present invention. The material is generally selected based on the desired fermentation product, i.e., the substance to be obtained from the fermentation, and the process employed, as is well known in the art. Examples of substrates suitable for use in the methods of present invention, include cellulose-containing materials, such as wood or plant residues or low molecular sugars DP1-3 obtained from processed cellulosic material that can be metabolized by the fermenting microorganism, and which may be supplied by direct addition to the fermentation medium.

The term “fermentation medium” will be understood to refer to a medium before the fermenting microorganism(s) is(are) added, such as, a medium resulting from a saccharification process, as well as a medium used in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF).

“Fermenting microorganism” refers to any microorganism suitable for use in a desired fermentation process. Suitable fermenting microorganisms are able to ferment, i.e., convert, sugars, such as glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, or oligosaccharides directly or indirectly into the desired fermentation product. Examples of fermenting microorganisms include fungal organisms, such as yeast. Preferred yeast includes strains of the Saccharomyces spp., and in particular, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Commercially available yeast include, e.g., RED STAR®/Lesaffre Ethanol Red (available from RED STAR®/Lesaffre, USA) FALI (available from Fleischmann's Yeast, a division of Burns Philp Food Inc., USA), SUPERSTART (available from Alltech), GERT STRAND (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden) and FERMIOL (available from DSM Specialties).

In a preferred aspect, the yeast is a Saccharomyces spp. In a more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces distaticus. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces uvarum. In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Kluyveromyces. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Kluyveromyces marxianus. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Kluyveromyces fragilis. In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Candida. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida pseudotropicalis. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida brassicae. In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Clavispora. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Clavispora lusitaniae. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Clavispora opuntiae. In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pachysolen. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Pachysolen tannophilus. In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Bretannomyces. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Bretannomyces clausenii (Philippidis, G. P., 1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, Wyman, C. E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 179-212).

Bacteria that can efficiently ferment glucose to ethanol include, for example, Zymomonas mobilis and Clostridium thermocellum (Philippidis, 1996, supra).

It is well known in the art that the organisms described above can also be used to produce other substances, as described herein.

The cloning of heterologous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Chen, Z., Ho, N. W. Y., 1993, Cloning and improving the expression of Pichia stipitis xylose reductase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 39-40: 135-147; Ho, N. W. Y., Chen, Z, Brainard, A. P., 1998, Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast capable of effectively cofermenting glucose and xylose, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1852-1859), or in bacteria such as Escherichia coli (Beall, D. S., Ohta, K., Ingram, L. 0., 1991, Parametric studies of ethanol production from xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coli, Biotech. Bioeng. 38: 296-303), Klebsiella oxytoca (Ingram, L. O., Gomes, P. F., Lai, X., Moniruzzaman, M., Wood, B. E., Yomano, L. P., York, S. W., 1998, Metabolic engineering of bacteria for ethanol production, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58: 204-214), and Zymomonas mobilis (Zhang, M., Eddy, C., Deanda, K., Finkelstein, M., and Picataggio, S., 1995, Metabolic engineering of a pentose metabolism pathway in ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis, Science 267: 240-243; Deanda, K., Zhang, M., Eddy, C., and Picataggio, S., 1996, Development of an arabinose-fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain by metabolic pathway engineering, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 4465-4470) has led to the construction of organisms capable of converting hexoses and pentoses to ethanol (cofermentation).

Yeast or another microorganism typically is added to the degraded cellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 24 to about 96 hours, such as about 35 to about 60 hours. The temperature is typically between about 26° C. to about 40° C., in particular at about 32° C., and at about pH 3 to about pH 6, in particular around pH 4-5.

In a preferred aspect, yeast or another microorganism is applied to the degraded cellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 24 to about 96 hours, such as typically 35-60 hours. In a preferred aspect, the temperature is generally between about 26 to about 40° C., in particular about 32° C., and the pH is generally from about pH 3 to about pH 6, preferably around pH 4-5. Yeast or another microorganism is preferably applied in amounts of approximately 10⁵ to 10¹², preferably from approximately 10⁷ to 10¹⁰, especially approximately 5×10⁷ viable cell count per ml of fermentation broth. During an ethanol producing phase the yeast cell count should preferably be in the range from approximately 10⁷ to 10¹⁰, especially around approximately 2×10⁸. Further guidance in respect of using yeast for fermentation can be found in, e.g., “The Alcohol Textbook” (Editors K. Jacques, T. P. Lyons and D. R. Kelsall, Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom 1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The most widely used process in the art is the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process where there is no holding stage for the saccharification, meaning that yeast and enzyme are added together.

For ethanol production, following the fermentation the mash is distilled to extract the ethanol. The ethanol obtained according to the process of the invention may be used as, e.g., fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, i.e., potable neutral spirits, or industrial ethanol.

A fermentation stimulator may be used in combination with any of the enzymatic processes described herein to further improve the fermentation process, and in particular, the performance of the fermenting microorganism, such as, rate enhancement and ethanol yield. A “fermentation stimulator” refers to stimulators for growth of the fermenting microorganisms, in particular, yeast. Preferred fermentation stimulators for growth include vitamins and minerals. Examples of vitamins include multivitamins, biotin, pantothenate, nicotinic acid, meso-inositol, thiamine, pyridoxine, para-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamins A, B, C, D, and E. See, for example, Alfenore et al., Improving ethanol production and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a vitamin feeding strategy during fed-batch process, Springer-Verlag (2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of minerals include minerals and mineral salts that can supply nutrients comprising P, K, Mg, S, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu.

Recovery.

The alcohol is separated from the fermented cellulosic material and purified by conventional methods of distillation. Ethanol with a purity of up to about 96 vol.% can be obtained, which can be used as, for example, fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, i.e., potable neutral spirits, or industrial ethanol.

For other substances, any method known in the art can be used including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE, distillation, or extraction.

In the methods of the present invention, besides beta-glucosidase, the cellulolytic enzyme preparation and cellulolytic enhancing polypeptide(s) may be supplemented by one or more additional enzyme activities to improve the degradation of the cellulosic material. Preferred additional enzymes are hemicellulases, esterases (e.g., lipases, phospholipases, and/or cutinases), proteases, laccases, peroxidases, or mixtures thereof.

In the methods of the present invention, the additional enzyme(s) may be added prior to or during fermentation, including during or after the propagation of the fermenting microorganism(s).

The enzymes referenced herein may be derived or obtained from any suitable origin, including, bacterial, fungal, yeast or mammalian origin. The term “obtained” means herein that the enzyme may have been isolated from an organism that naturally produces the enzyme as a native enzyme. The term “obtained” also means herein that the enzyme may have been produced recombinantly in a host organism, wherein the recombinantly produced enzyme is either native or foreign to the host organism or has a modified amino acid sequence, e.g., having one or more amino acids that are deleted, inserted and/or substituted, i.e., a recombinantly produced enzyme that is a mutant and/or a fragment of a native amino acid sequence or an enzyme produced by nucleic acid shuffling processes known in the art. Encompassed within the meaning of a native enzyme are natural variants and within the meaning of a foreign enzyme are variants obtained recombinantly, such as by site-directed mutagenesis or shuffling.

The enzymes may also be purified. The term “purified” as used herein covers enzymes free from other components from the organism from which it is derived. The term “purified” also covers enzymes free from components from the native organism from which it is obtained. The enzymes may be purified, with only minor amounts of other proteins being present. The expression “other proteins” relate in particular to other enzymes. The term “purified” as used herein also refers to removal of other components, particularly other proteins and most particularly other enzymes present in the cell of origin of the enzyme of the invention. The enzyme may be “substantially pure polypeptide,” that is, free from other components from the organism in which it is produced, that is, for example, a host organism for recombinantly produced enzymes.

The enzymes used in the present invention may be in any form suitable for use in the processes described herein, such as, for example, a crude fermentation broth with or without cells, a dry powder or granulate, a non-dusting granulate, a liquid, a stabilized liquid, or a protected enzyme. Granulates may be produced, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,106,991 and 4,661,452, and may optionally be coated by process known in the art. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another polyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established process. Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the process disclosed in EP 238,216.

Detergent Compositions

The methods of the present invention are particularly useful for improving the secretion of polypeptides in commercially important quantities for use in detergent compositions. Such polypeptides include, but are not limited to proteases, cellulolytic enzymes, amylases, and peroxidases, or any other enzyme or biological protein useful to the detergent industry.

The detergent composition of the present invention may be, for example, formulated as a hand or machine laundry detergent composition including a laundry additive composition suitable for pre-treatment of stained fabrics and a rinse added fabric softener composition, or formulated as a detergent composition for use in general household hard surface cleaning operations, or formulated for hand or machine dishwashing operations.

In a specific aspect, the present invention provides a detergent additive comprising a polypeptide having biological activity (e.g., fusion protein, a component thereof, or combinations thereof) obtained according to the present invention. The detergent additive as well as the detergent composition may comprise one or more other enzymes such as a protease, lipase, cutinase, an amylase, carbohydrase, cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, arabinase, galactanase, xylanase, oxidase, e.g., a laccase, and/or peroxidase.

In general the properties of the enzymatic components should be compatible with the selected detergent, (i.e., pH optimum, compatibility with other enzymatic and non-enzymatic ingredients, etc.), and the enzymatic components should be present in effective amounts.

Proteases:

Suitable proteases include those of animal, vegetable or microbial origin. Microbial origin is preferred. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. The protease may be a serine protease or a metalloprotease, preferably an alkaline microbial protease or a trypsin-like protease. Examples of alkaline proteases are subtilisins, especially those derived from Bacillus, e.g., subtilisin Novo, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147 and subtilisin 168 (described in WO 89/06279). Examples of trypsin-like proteases are trypsin (e.g., of porcine or bovine origin) and the Fusarium protease described in WO 89/06270 and WO 94/25583.

Examples of useful proteases are the variants described in WO 92/19729, WO 98/20115, WO 98/20116, and WO 98/34946, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 27, 36, 57, 76, 87, 97, 101, 104, 120, 123, 167, 170, 194, 206, 218, 222, 224, 235 and 274.

Preferred commercially available protease enzymes include ALCALASE™ SAVINASE™, PRIMASE™, DURALASE™, ESPERASE™, AND KANNASE™ (NOVOZYMES NS), MAXATASE™, MAXACAL™, MAXAPEM™, PROPERASE™, PURAFECT™, PURAFECT OXP™, FN2™, and FN3™ (Genencor International Inc.).

Lipases:

Suitable lipases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful lipases include lipases from Humicola (synonym Thermomyces), e.g., from H. lanuginosa (T. lanuginosus) as described in EP 258 068 and EP 305 216 or from H. insolens as described in WO 96/13580, a Pseudomonas lipase, e.g., from P. alcaligenes or P. pseudoalcaligenes (EP 218 272), P. cepacia (EP 331 376), P. stutzeri (GB 1,372,034), P. fluorescens, Pseudomonas sp. strain SD 705 (WO 95/06720 and WO 96/27002), P. wisconsinensis (WO 96/12012), a Bacillus lipase, e.g., from B. subtilis (Dartois et al., 1993, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1131, 253-360), B. stearothermophilus (JP 64/744992) or B. pumilus (WO 91/16422).

Other examples are lipase variants such as those described in WO 92/05249, WO 94/01541, EP 407 225, EP 260 105, WO 95/35381, WO 96/00292, WO 95/30744, WO 94/25578, WO 95/14783, WO 95/22615, WO 97/04079 and WO 97/07202.

Preferred commercially available lipases include LIPOLASE™, LIPEX™, and Lipolase ULTRA™ (Novozymes NS).

Amylases:

Suitable amylases (α and/or β) include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Amylases include, for example, α-amylases obtained from Bacillus, e.g., a special strain of Bacillus licheniformis, described in more detail in GB 1,296,839.

Examples of useful amylases are the variants described in WO 94/02597, WO 94/18314, WO 96/23873, and WO 97/43424, especially the variants with substitutions in one or more of the following positions: 15, 23, 105, 106, 124, 128, 133, 154, 156, 181, 188, 190, 197, 202, 208, 209, 243, 264, 304, 305, 391, 408, and 444.

Commercially available amylases are DURAMYL™, TERMAMYL™, FUNGAMYL™ and BAN™ (Novozymes NS), Rapidase™ and Purastar™ (from Genencor International Inc.).

Cellulases:

Suitable cellulases include those of bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Suitable cellulases include cellulases from the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavia, Acremonium, or Trichoderma e.g., the fungal cellulases produced from Humicola insolens, Myceliophthora thermophila and Fusarium oxysporum disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,263, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,178, U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,757 and WO 89/09259.

Especially suitable cellulases are the alkaline or neutral cellulases having color care benefits. Examples of such cellulases are cellulases described in EP 0 495 257, EP 0 531 372, WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397, WO 98/08940. Other examples are cellulase variants such as those described in WO 94/07998, EP 0 531 315, U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,046, U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,593, U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,254, WO 95/24471, WO 98/12307 and PCT/DK98/00299.

Commercially available cellulases include CELLUCLAST®, CELLUZYME™, and CAREZYME™ (Novozymes NS), Clazinase™, and Puradax HA™ (Genencor International Inc.), and KAC-500(B)™ (Kao Corporation).

Peroxidases/Oxidases:

Suitable peroxidases/oxidases include those of plant, bacterial or fungal origin. Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants are included. Examples of useful peroxidases include peroxidases from Coprinus, e.g., from C. cinereus, and variants thereof as those described in WO 93/24618, WO 95/10602, and WO 98/15257.

Commercially available peroxidases include GUARDZYME™ (Novozymes NS).

The enzymatic component(s) may be included in a detergent composition by adding separate additives containing one or more enzymes, or by adding a combined additive comprising all of these enzymes. A detergent additive of the present invention, i.e., a separate additive or a combined additive, can be formulated, for example, as a granulate, liquid, slurry, etc. Preferred detergent additive formulations are granulates, in particular non-dusting granulates, liquids, in particular stabilized liquids, or slurries.

Non-dusting granulates may be produced, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,106,991 and 4,661,452 and may optionally be coated by methods known in the art. Examples of waxy coating materials are poly(ethylene oxide) products (polyethyleneglycol, PEG) with mean molar weights of 1000 to 20000; ethoxylated nonylphenols having from 16 to 50 ethylene oxide units; ethoxylated fatty alcohols in which the alcohol contains from 12 to 20 carbon atoms and in which there are 15 to 80 ethylene oxide units; fatty alcohols; fatty acids; and mono- and di- and triglycerides of fatty acids. Examples of film-forming coating materials suitable for application by fluid bed techniques are given in GB 1483591. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding a polyol such as propylene glycol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid or boric acid according to established methods. Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the method disclosed in EP 238,216.

The detergent composition of the present invention may be in any convenient form, e.g., a bar, a tablet, a powder, a granule, a paste or a liquid. A liquid detergent may be aqueous, typically containing up to 70% water and 0-30% organic solvent, or non-aqueous.

The detergent composition comprises one or more surfactants, which may be non-ionic including semi-polar and/or anionic and/or cationic and/or zwitterionic. The surfactants are typically present at a level of from 0.1% to 60% by weight.

When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 1% to about 40% of an anionic surfactant such as linear alkylbenzenesulfonate, alpha-olefinsulfonate, alkyl sulfate (fatty alcohol sulfate), alcohol ethoxysulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate, alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid or soap.

When included therein the detergent will usually contain from about 0.2% to about 40% of a non-ionic surfactant such as alcohol ethoxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, alkylpolyglycoside, alkyldimethylamineoxide, ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamide, fatty acid monoethanolamide, polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amide, or N-acyl N-alkyl derivatives of glucosamine (“glucamides”).

The detergent may contain 0-65% of a detergent builder or complexing agent such as zeolite, diphosphate, triphosphate, phosphonate, carbonate, citrate, nitrilotriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, alkyl- or alkenylsuccinic acid, soluble silicates or layered silicates (e.g., SKS-6 from Hoechst).

The detergent may comprise one or more polymers. Examples are carboxymethylcellulose, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyridine-N-oxide), poly(vinylimidazole), polycarboxylates such as polyacrylates, maleic/acrylic acid copolymers, and lauryl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymers.

The detergent may contain a bleaching system that may comprise a H₂O₂ source such as perborate or percarbonate that may be combined with a peracid-forming bleach activator such as tetraacetylethylenediamine or nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate. Alternatively, the bleaching system may comprise peroxyacids of, for example, the amide, imide, or sulfone type.

The enzymatic component(s) of the detergent composition of the present invention may be stabilized using conventional stabilizing agents, e.g., a polyol such as propylene glycol or glycerol, a sugar or sugar alcohol, lactic acid, boric acid, or a boric acid derivative, e.g., an aromatic borate ester, or a phenyl boronic acid derivative such as 4-formylphenyl boronic acid, and the composition may be formulated as described in, for example, WO 92/19709 and WO 92/19708.

The detergent may also contain other conventional detergent ingredients such as fabric conditioners including clays, foam boosters, suds suppressors, anti-corrosion agents, soil-suspending agents, anti-soil redeposition agents, dyes, bactericides, optical brighteners, hydrotropes, tarnish inhibitors, or perfumes.

In the detergent compositions any enzymatic component, in particular the polypeptides having biological activity of the present invention, may be added in an amount corresponding to 0.01-100 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor, preferably 0.05-5 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor, in particular 0.1-1 mg of enzyme protein per liter of wash liquor.

The polypeptides having biological activity of the present invention may additionally be incorporated in the detergent formulations disclosed in WO 97/07202, which is hereby incorporated as reference.

Other Uses

Polypeptides having biological activity (e.g., fusion protein, a component thereof, or combinations thereof) obtained according to the present invention o may also be used in combination with other glycohydrolases and related enzymes, as described herein, in the treatment of textiles as biopolishing agents and for reducing of fuzz, pilling, texture modification, and stonewashing (N. K. Lange, in P. Suominen, T. Reinikainen (Eds.), Trichoderma reesei Cellulases and Other Hydrolases, Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research, Helsinki, 1993, pp. 263-272). In addition, the described polypeptides may also be used in combination with other glycohydrolases and related enzymes, as described herein, in wood processing for biopulping or debarking, paper manufacturing for fiber modification, bleaching, and reduction of refining energy costs, whitewater treatment, important to wastewater recycling, lignocellulosic fiber recycling such as deinking and secondary fiber processing, and wood residue utilization (S. D, Mansfield and A. R. Esteghlalian in S. D, Mansfield and J. N. Saddler (Eds.), Applications of Enzymes to Lignocellulosics, ACS Symposium Series 855, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 2-29).

The present invention is further described by the following examples that should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Chemicals used as buffers and substrates were commercial products of at least reagent grade.

DNA Sequencing

DNA sequencing was performed using an Applied Biosystems Model 3130X Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) using dye terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992, Journal of Virol. Methods 38: 47-60). Sequences were assembled using phred/phrap/consed (University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA) with sequence specific primers.

Strain

Trichoderma reesei RutC30 (ATCC 56765; Montenecourt and Eveleigh, 1979, Adv. Chem. Ser. 181: 289-301) was derived from Trichoderma reesei Qm6A (ATCC 13631; Mandels and Reese, 1957, J. Bacteriol. 73: 269-278). Trichoderma reesei RutC30 and Aspergillus oryzae Ja1355 strain (WO 02/062973) were used for expression of the beta-glucosidase fusion protein.

Media and Solutions

YP medium was composed per liter of 10 g of yeast extract and 20 g of bacto tryptone.

Cellulase-inducing medium was composed per liter of 20 g of cellulose, 10 g of corn steep solids, 1.45 g of (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2.08 g of KH₂PO₄, 0.28 g of CaCl₂, 0.42 g of MgSO₄.7H₂O, and 0.42 ml of trace metals solution.

Trace metals solution was composed per liter of 216 g of FeCl₃.6H₂O, 58 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 27 g of MnSO₄.H₂O, 10 g of CuSO₄.5H₂O, 2.4 g of H₃BO₃, and 336 g of citric acid.

STC was composed of 1 M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl₂, and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5.

COVE plates were composed per liter of 342 g of sucrose, 10 ml of COVE salts solution, 10 ml of 1 M acetamide, 10 ml of 1.5 M CsCl, and 25 g of Noble agar.

COVE salts solution was composed per liter of 26 g of KCl, 26 g of MgSO₄, 76 g of KH₂PO₄, and 50 ml of COVE trace metals solution.

COVE trace metals solution was composed per liter of 0.04 g of Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O, 0.4 g of CuSO₄.5H₂O, 1.2 g of FeSO₄.7H₂O, 0.7 g of MnSO₄.H₂O, 0.8 g of Na₂MoO₂.H₂O, and 10 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O.

COVE2 plates were composed per liter of 30 g of sucrose, 20 ml of COVE salts solution, 25 g of Noble agar, and 10 ml of 1 M acetamide.

PDA plates were composed per liter of 39 grams of potato dextrose agar.

LB medium was composed per liter of 10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, 5 g of sodium chloride.

2×YT plates were composed per liter of 10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, 5 g of sodium chloride, and 15 g of Bacto Agar.

MDU2BP medium was composed per liter of 45 g of maltose, 1 g of MgSO₄.7H₂O, 1 g of NaCl, 2 g of K₂HSO₄, 12 g of KH₂PO₄, 2 g of urea, and 500 μl of AMG trace metals solution, the pH was adjusted to 5.0 and then filter sterilized with a 0.22 μm filtering unit.

AMG trace metals solution was composed per liter of 14.3 g of ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 2.5 g of CuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.5 g of NiCl₂.6H₂O, 13.8 g of FeSO₄.7H₂O, 8.5 g of MnSO₄.7H₂O, and 3 g of citric acid.

Minimal medium plates were composed per liter of 6 g of NaNO₃, 0.52 of KCl, 1.52 g of KH₂PO₄, 1 ml of COVE trace metals solution, 20 g of Noble agar, 20 ml of 50% glucose, 2.5 ml of 20% MgSO₄.7H₂O, and 20 ml of biotin stock solution.

Biotin stock solution was composed per liter of 0.2 g of biotin.

SOC medium was composed of 2% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM MgSO₄, followed by addition of filter-sterilized glucose to 20 mM after autoclaving.

Example 1 Construction of pMJ04 Expression Vector

Expression vector pMJ04 was constructed by PCR amplifying the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase 1 gene (cbh1, CEL7A) terminator from Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA using primers 993429 (antisense) and 993428 (sense) shown below. The antisense primer was engineered to have a PacI site at the 5′-end and a SpeI site at the 3′-end of the sense primer.

Primer 993429 (antisense):

5′-AACGTTAATTAAGGAATCGTTTTGTGTTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33)

Primer 993428 (sense):

5′-AGTACTAGTAGCTCCGTGGCGAAAGCCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34)

Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Plant Maxi Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA).

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1× ThermoPol Reaction Buffer (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA), 0.3 mM dNTPs, 100 ng of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA, 0.3 μM primer 993429, 0.3 μM primer 993428, and 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA). The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 (Eppendorf Scientific, Inc., Westbury, N.Y., USA) programmed for 5 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 50° C., and 60 seconds at 72° C., followed by 25 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 65° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (5 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using 40 mM Tris base-20 mM sodium acetate-1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer where a 229 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The resulting PCR fragment was digested with PacI and SpeI and ligated into pAlLo1 (WO 05/067531) digested with the same restriction enzymes using a Rapid Ligation Kit (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind., USA), to generate pMJ04 (FIG. 1).

Example 2 Construction of pCaHj568

Plasmid pCaHj568 was constructed from pCaHj170 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,254) and pMT2188. Plasmid pCaHj170 comprises the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V (CEL45A) full-length coding region (SEQ ID NO: 1, which encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2). Construction of pMT2188 was initiated by PCR amplifying the pUC19 origin of replication from pCaHj483 (WO 98/00529) using primers 142779 and 142780 shown below.

Primer 142780 introduces a BbuI site in the PCR fragment.

142779:

5′-TTGAATTGAAAATAGATTGATTTAAAACTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35)

142780:

5′-TTGCATGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36)

An EXPAND® PCR System (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Basel, Switzerland) was used following the manufacturer's instructions for this amplification. PCR products were separated on an agarose gel and an 1160 bp fragment was isolated and purified using a Jetquick Gel Extraction Spin Kit (Genomed, Wielandstr, Germany).

The URA3 gene was amplified from the general Saccharomyces cerevisiae cloning vector pYES2 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) using primers 140288 and 142778 shown below using an EXPAND® PCR System. Primer 140288 introduced an Eco RI site into the PCR fragment. 5′-TTGAATTCATGGGTAATAACTGATAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37) 142778: 5′-AAATCAATCTATTTTCAATTCAATTCATCATT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38)

PCR products were separated on an agarose gel and an 1126 bp fragment was isolated and purified using a Jetquick Gel Extraction Spin Kit.

The two PCR fragments were fused by mixing and amplified using primers 142780 and 140288 shown above by the overlap splicing method (Horton et al., 1989, Gene 77: 61-68). PCR products were separated on an agarose gel and a 2263 bp fragment was isolated and purified using a Jetquick Gel Extraction Spin Kit.

The resulting fragment was digested with Eco RI and BbuI and ligated using standard protocols to the largest fragment of pCaHj483 digested with the same restriction enzymes. The ligation mixture was transformed into pyrF-negative E. coli strain DB6507 (ATCC 35673) made competent by the method of Mandel and Higa, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 45: 154. Transformants were selected on solid M9 medium (Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) supplemented per liter with 1 g of casamino acids, 500 μg of thiamine, and 10 mg of kanamycin. A plasmid from one transformant was isolated and designated pCaHj527 (FIG. 2).

The NA2-tpi promoter present on pCaHj527 was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis by a simple PCR approach using an EXPAND® PCR System according to the manufacturer's instructions. Nucleotides 134-144 were converted from GTACTAAAACC (SEQ ID NO: 39) to CCGTTAAATTT (SEQ ID NO: 40) using mutagenic primer 141223 shown below.

Primer 141223:

5′-GGATGCTGTTGACTCCGGAAATTTAACGGTTTGGTCTTGCATCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41) Nucleotides 423-436 were converted from ATGCAATTTAAACT (SEQ ID NO: 42) to CGGCAATTTAACGG (SEQ ID NO: 43) using mutagenic primer 141222 shown below.

Primer 141222:

5′-GGTATTGTCCTGCAGACGGCAATTTAACGGCTTCTGCGAATCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44) The resulting plasmid was designated pMT2188 (FIG. 3).

The Humicola insolens endoglucanase V coding region was transferred from pCaHj170 as a BamHI-SalI fragment into pMT2188 digested with BamHI and XhoI to generate pCaHj568 (FIG. 4). Plasmid pCaHj568 comprises a mutated NA2-tpi promoter operably linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V full-length coding sequence.

Example 3 Construction of pMJ05

Plasmid pMJ05 was constructed by PCR amplifying the 915 bp Humicola insolens endoglucanase V full-length coding region from pCaHj568 using primers HiEGV-F and HiEGV-R shown below.

HiEGV-F (sense):

5′-AAGCTTAAGCATGCGTTCCTCCCCCCTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 45)

HiEGV-R (antisense):

5′-CTGCAGAATTCTACAGGCACTGATGGTACCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 46)

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1× ThermoPol Reaction Buffer (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA), 0.3 mM dNTPs, 10 ng/μl of pCaHj568, 0.3 μM HiEGV-F primer, 0.3 μM HiEGV-R primer, and 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA). The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 5 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 50° C., and 60 seconds at 72° C., followed by 25 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 65° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (5 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 937 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The 937 bp purified fragment was used as template DNA for subsequent amplifications using the following primers:

HiEGV-R (antisense):

5′-CTGCAGAATTCTACAGGCACTGATGGTACCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 47)

HiEGV-F-overlap (sense):

5′-ACCGCGGACTGCGCATCATGCGTTCCTCCCCCCTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48)

Primer sequences in italics are homologous to 17 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene (cbh1) promoter and underlined primer sequences are homologous to 29 bp of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V coding region. A 36 bp overlap between the promoter and the coding sequence allowed precise fusion of a 994 bp fragment comprising the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter to the 918 bp fragment comprising the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V coding region.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1× ThermoPol Reaction Buffer, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 1 μl of the purified 937 bp PCR fragment, 0.3 μM HiEGV-F-overlap primer, 0.3 μM HiEGV-R primer, and 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 5 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 50° C., and 60 seconds at 72° C., followed by 25 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 65° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (5 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 945 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

A separate PCR was performed to amplify the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter sequence extending from 994 bp upstream of the ATG start codon of the gene from Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA using the primers shown below (the sense primer was engineered to have a SalI restriction site at the 5′-end). Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Plant Maxi Kit.

TrCBHIpro-F (sense):

5′-AAACGTCGACCGAATGTAGGATTGTTATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49)

TrCBHIpro-R (antisense):

5′-GATGCGCAGTCCGCGGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50)

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1× ThermoPol Reaction Buffer, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 100 ng/μl Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA, 0.3 μM TrCBHlpro-F primer, 0.3 μM TrCBHlpro-R primer, and 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (5 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 998 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The purified 998 bp PCR fragment was used as template DNA for subsequent amplifications using the primers shown below.

TrCBHIpro-F:

5′-AAACGTCGACCGAATGTAGGATTGTTATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 51)

TrCBHIpro-R-overlap:

5′-GGAGGGGGGAGGAACGCATGATGCGCAGTCCGCGGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 52)

Sequences in italics are homologous to 17 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and underlined sequences are homologous to 29 bp of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V coding region. A 36 bp overlap between the promoter and the coding sequence allowed precise fusion of the 994 bp fragment comprising the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter to the 918 bp fragment comprising the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V full-length coding region.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1× ThermoPol Reaction Buffer, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 1 μl of the purified 998 bp PCR fragment, 0.3 μM TrCBHlpro-F primer, 0.3 μM TrCBH1pro-R-overlap primer, and 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 5 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 50° C., and 60 seconds at 72° C., followed by 25 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 65° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (5 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 1017 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The 1017 bp Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter PCR fragment and the 945 bp Humicola insolens endoglucanase V PCR fragment were used as template DNA for subsequent amplification using the following primers to precisely fuse the 994 bp cbh1 promoter to the 918 bp endoglucanase V full-length coding region using overlapping PCR.

TrCBHIpro-F:

5′-AAACGTCGACCGAATGTAGGATTGTTATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 53)

HiEGV-R:

5′-CTGCAGAATTCTACAGGCACTGATGGTACCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 54)

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1× ThermoPol Reaction Buffer, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 0.3 μM TrCBHlpro-F primer, 0.3 μM HiEGV-R primer, and 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 5 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 50° C., and 60 seconds at 72° C., followed by 25 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 65° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (5 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 1926 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The resulting 1926 bp fragment was cloned into a pCR®-Blunt-II-TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) using a ZEROBLUNT® TOPO® PCR Cloning Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting plasmid was digested with NotI and SalI and the 1926 bp fragment was gel purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit and ligated using T4 DNA ligase (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) into pMJ04, which was also digested with the same two restriction enzymes, to generate pMJ05 (FIG. 5). Plasmid pMJ05 comprises the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I promoter and terminator operably linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V full-length coding sequence.

Example 4 Construction of pSMai130 Expression Vector

A 2586 bp DNA fragment spanning from the ATG start codon to the TAA stop codon of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase full-length coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 21 for cDNA sequence and SEQ ID NO: 22 for the deduced amino acid sequence; E. coli DSM 14240) was amplified by PCR from pJaL660 (WO 2002/095014) as template with primers 993467 (sense) and 993456 (antisense) shown below. A SpeI site was engineered at the 5′ end of the antisense primer to facilitate ligation. Primer sequences in italics are homologous to 24 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and underlined sequences are homologous to 22 bp of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase coding region.

Primer 993467:

5′-ATAGTCAACCGCGGACTGCGCATCATGAAGCTTGGTTGGATCGAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 55)

Primer 993456:

5′-ACTAGTTTACTGGGCCTTAGGCAGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 56)

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of Pfx Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA), 0.25 mM dNTPs, 10 ng of pJaL660, 6.4 μM primer 993467, 3.2 μM primer 993456, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA). The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 55° C., and 3 minutes at 72° C. (15 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 2586 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

A separate PCR was performed to amplify the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter sequence extending from 1000 bp upstream of the ATG start codon of the gene, using primer 993453 (sense) and primer 993463 (antisense) shown below to generate a 1000 bp PCR fragment.

Primer 993453:

5′-GTCGACTCGAAGCCCGAATGTAGGAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 57)

Primer 993463:

5′-CCTCGATCCAACCAAGCTTCATGATGCGCAGTCCGCGGTTGACTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 58) Primer sequences in italics are homologous to 24 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and underlined primer sequences are homologous to 22 bp of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase full-length coding region. The 46 bp overlap between the promoter and the coding sequence allowed precise fusion of the 1000 bp fragment comprising the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter to the 2586 bp fragment comprising the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase coding region.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of Pfx Amplification Buffer, 0.25 mM dNTPs, 100 ng of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 genomic DNA, 6.4 μM primer 993453, 3.2 μM primer 993463, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 55° C., and 3 minutes at 72° C. (15 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 1000 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The purified fragments were used as template DNA for subsequent amplification by overlapping PCR using primer 993453 (sense) and primer 993456 (antisense) shown above to precisely fuse the 1000 bp fragment comprising the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter to the 2586 bp fragment comprising the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase full-length coding region.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of Pfx Amplification Buffer, 0.25 mM dNTPs, 6.4 μM primer 99353, 3.2 μM primer 993456, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 60° C., and 4 minutes at 72° C. (15 minute final extension).

The resulting 3586 bp fragment was digested with SalI and SpeI and ligated into pMJ04, digested with the same two restriction enzymes, to generate pSMai130 (FIG. 6). Plasmid pSMai130 comprises the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter and terminator operably linked to the Aspergillus oryzae native beta-glucosidase signal sequence and coding sequence (i.e., full-length Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase coding sequence).

Example 5 Construction of pSMai135

The Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase mature coding region (minus the native signal sequence, see FIG. 7; SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 60) from Lys-20 to the TAA stop codon was PCR amplified from pJaL660 as template with primer 993728 (sense) and primer 993727 (antisense) shown below.

Primer 993728:

5′-TGCCGGTGTTGGCCCTTGCCAAGGATGATCTCGCGTACTCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 61)

Primer 993727:

5′-GACTAGTCTTACTGGGCCTTAGGCAGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 62)

Sequences in italics are homologous to 20 bp of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence and sequences underlined are homologous to 22 bp of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase coding region. A SpeI site was engineered into the 5′ end of the antisense primer.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of Pfx Amplification Buffer, 0.25 mM dNTPs, 10 ng/μl of pJaL660, 6.4 μM primer 993728, 3.2 μM primer 993727, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 55° C., and 3 minutes at 72° C. (15 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 2523 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

A separate PCR amplification was performed to amplify 1000 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and 63 bp of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence (ATG start codon to Ala-21, FIG. 8, SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 64), using primer 993724 (sense) and primer 993729 (antisense) shown below.

Primer 993724:

5′-ACG CGTCGACCGAATGTAGGATTGTTATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 65)

Primer 993729:

5′-GGGAGTACGCGAGATCATCCTTGGCAAGGGCCAACACCGGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 66)

Primer sequences in italics are homologous to 20 bp of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence and underlined primer sequences are homologous to the 22 by of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase coding region.

Plasmid pMJ05, which comprises the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V coding region under the control of the cbh1 promoter, was used as template to generate a 1063 bp fragment comprising the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence fragment. A 42 bp of overlap was shared between the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence and the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase mature coding sequence to provide a perfect linkage between the promoter and the ATG start codon of the 2523 bp Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase coding region.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of Pfx Amplification Buffer, 0.25 mM dNTPs, 10 ng/μl of pMJ05, 6.4 μM primer 993728, 3.2 μM primer 993727, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 60° C., and 4 minutes at 72° C. (15 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 1063 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The purified overlapping fragments were used as templates for amplification using primer 993724 (sense) and primer 993727 (antisense) described above to precisely fuse the 1063 bp fragment comprising the Trichoderma reesei cbh1 promoter and Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence to the 2523 bp fragment comprising the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase mature coding region frame by overlapping PCR.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of Pfx Amplification Buffer, 0.25 mM dNTPs, 6.4 μM primer 993724, 3.2 μM primer 993727, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 2.5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 60° C., and 4 minutes at 72° C. (15 minute final extension). The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 3591 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The resulting 3591 bp fragment was digested with SalI and SpeI and ligated into pMJ04 digested with the same restriction enzymes to generate pSMai135 (FIG. 9). Plasmid pSMai135 comprises the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter and terminator operably linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence and the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase mature coding sequence.

Example 6 Expression of Aspergillus oryzae Beta-Glucosidase with the Humicola Insolens Endoglucanase V Secretion Signal

Plasmid pSMai135 encoding the mature Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V secretion signal (FIG. 8) was introduced into Trichoderma reesei RutC30 bp PEG-mediated transformation (Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61 155-164). The plasmid contained the Aspergillus nidulans amdS gene to enable transformants to grow on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source.

Trichoderma reesei RutC30 was cultivated at 27° C. and 90 rpm in 25 ml of YP medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) glucose and 10 mM uridine for 17 hours. Mycelia were collected by filtration using a Vacuum Driven Disposable Filtration System (Millipore, Bedford, Mass., USA) and washed twice with deionized water and twice with 1.2 M sorbitol. Protoplasts were generated by suspending the washed mycelia in 20 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol containing 15 mg of GLUCANEX® (Novozymes NS, Bagsvrd, Denmark) per ml and 0.36 units of chitinase (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., USA) per ml and incubating for 15-25 minutes at 34° C. with gentle shaking at 90 rpm. Protoplasts were collected by centrifuging for 7 minutes at 400 x g and washed twice with cold 1.2 M sorbitol. The protoplasts were counted using a haemacytometer and re-suspended in STC to a final concentration of 1×10⁸ protoplasts per ml. Excess protoplasts were stored in a Cryo 1° C. Freezing Container (Nalgene, Rochester, N.Y., USA) at −80° C.

Approximately 7 μg of pSMai135 digested with PmeI was added to 100 μl of protoplast solution and mixed gently, followed by 260 μl of PEG buffer, mixed, and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. STC (3 ml) was then added and mixed and the transformation solution was plated onto COVE plates using Aspergillus nidulans amdS selection. The plates were incubated at 28° C. for 5-7 days. Transformants were sub-cultured onto COVE2 plates and grown at 28° C.

Sixty-seven transformants designated SMA135 obtained with pSMai135 were subcultured onto fresh plates containing acetamide and allowed to sporulate for 7 days at 28° C.

The 67 SMA135 Trichoderma reesei transformants were cultivated in 125 ml baffled shake flasks containing 25 ml of cellulase-inducing media at pH 6.0 inoculated with spores of the transformants and incubated at 28° C. and 200 rpm for 7 days. Trichoderma reesei RutC30 was run as a control. Culture broth samples were removed at day 7. One ml of each culture broth was centrifuged at 15,700×g for 5 minutes in a micro-centrifuge and the supernatants transferred to new tubes. Samples were stored at 4° C. until enzyme assay. The supernatants were assayed for beta-glucosidase activity using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate, as described below.

Beta-glucosidase activity was determined at ambient temperature using 25 μl aliquots of culture supernatants, diluted 1:10 in 50 mM succinate pH 5.0, in 200 μl of 0.5 mg/ml p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 50 mM succinate pH 5.0. After 15 minutes incubation the reaction was stopped by adding 100 μl of 1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0 and the absorbance was read spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. One unit of beta-glucosidase activity corresponded to production of 1 μmol of p-nitrophenyl per minute per liter at pH 5.0, ambient temperature. Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase (NOVOZYM™ 188, Novozymes NS, Bagsvrd, Denmark) was used as an enzyme standard.

A number of the SMA135 transformants showed beta-glucosidase activities several-fold higher than that secreted by Trichoderma reesei RutC30. Of the SMA135 transformants screened, transformant SMA135-04 produced the highest beta-glucosidase activity.

SDS-PAGE was carried out using CRITERION® Tris-HCl (5% resolving) gels (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) with the CRITERION® System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA). Five μl of day 7 supernatants (see above) were suspended in 2× concentration of Laemmli Sample Buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) and boiled in the presence of 5% beta-mercaptoethanol for 3 minutes. The supernatant samples were loaded onto a polyacrylamide gel and subjected to electrophoresis with 1× Tris/Glycine/SDS as running buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA). The resulting gel was stained with BIO-SAFE® Coomassie Stain (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA).

Of the 38 Trichoderma reesei SMA135 transformants analyzed by SDS-PAGE, 26 produced a protein of approximately 110 kDa that was not visible in Trichoderma reesei RutC30 as control. Transformant Trichoderma reesei SMA135-04 produced the highest level of beta-glucosidase as evidenced by abundance of the 110 kDa band seen by SDS-PAGE.

Example 7 Construction of Expression Vector pSMai140

Expression vector pSMai140 was constructed by digesting plasmid pSATe111BG41 (WO 04/099228), which carries the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 full-length coding region (SEQ ID NO: 23 that encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24), with NcoI. The resulting 1243 bp fragment was isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Expression vector pSMai135 was digested with NcoI and a 8286 bp fragment was isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 1243 bp NcoI digested Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 fragment was then ligated to the 8286 bp vector, using T4 DNA ligase (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) according to manufacturer's protocol, to create the expression vector pSMai140 (FIG. 10). Plasmid pSMai140 comprises the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CEL7A) gene promoter and terminator operably linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence and the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant mature coding sequence.

Example 8 Transformation of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 with pSMai140

Plasmid pSMai140 was linearized with PmeI and transformed into the Trichoderma reesei RutC30 strain as described in Example 6. A total of 100 transformants were obtained from four independent transformation experiments, all of which were cultivated in shake flasks on cellulase-inducing medium, and the beta-glucosidase activity was measured from the culture medium of the transformants as described in Example 6. A number of Trichoderma reesei SMA140 transformants showed beta-glucosidase activities several fold higher than that of Trichoderma reesei RutC30.

The presence of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 protein in the culture medium was detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as described in Example 6 and Coomassie staining from the same 13 culture supernatants from which enzyme activity were analyzed. All thirteen transformants that had high β-glucosidase activity, also expressed the approximately 110 KDa Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41, at varying yields.

The highest beta-glucosidase variant expressing transformant, as evaluated by beta-glucosidase activity assay and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was designated Trichoderma reesei SMA140-43.

Example 9 Construction of Expression Vector pSaMe-F1

A DNA fragment containing 209 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter and the core region (nucleotides 1 to 702 of SEQ ID NO: 1 that encode amino acids 1 to 234 of SEQ ID NO: 2; WO 91/17243) of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V gene was PCR amplified using pMJ05 as template using the primers shown below.

995103:

5′-cccaagcttagccaagaaca-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 67)

995137:

5′-gggggaggaacgcatgggatctggacggc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 68)

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1×Pfx Amplification Buffer, 10 mM dNTPs, 50 mM MgSO₄, 10 ng/μl of pMJ05, 50 picomoles of 995103 primer, 50 picomoles of 995137 primer, and 2 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C., and 60 seconds at 72° C. (3 minute final extension).

The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 911 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

A DNA fragment containing 806 bp of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 gene was PCR amplified using pSMai140 as template and the primers shown below.

995133:

5′-gccgtccagatccccatgcgttcctccccc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 69)

995111:

5′-ccaagcttgttcagagtttc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 70)

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1×Pfx Amplification Buffer, 10 mM dNTPs, 50 mM MgSO₄, 100 ng of pSMai140, 50 picomoles of 995133 primer, 50 picomoles of 995111 primer, and 2 units of Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 30 cycles each for 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C., and 120 seconds at 72° C. (3 minute final extension).

The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 806 bp product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The two PCR fragments above were then subjected to overlapping PCR. The purified overlapping fragments were used as templates for amplification using primer 995103 (sense) and primer 995111 (antisense) described above to precisely fuse the 702 bp fragment comprising 209 bp of the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter and the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core sequence to the 806 bp fragment comprising a portion of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 coding region by overlapping PCR.

The amplification reactions (50 μl) were composed of 1×Pfx Amplification Buffer, 10 mM dNTPs, 50 mM MgSO₄, 2.5 μl of each fragment (20 ng/μl), 50 picomoles of 995103 primer, 50 picomoles of 995111 primer, and 2 units of high fidelity Pfx DNA polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for an initial denaturation of 3 minutes at 95° C. followed by 30 cycles each for 1 minute of denaturation, 1 minute annealing at 60° C., and a 3 minute extension at 72° C.

The reaction products were isolated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer where a 1.7 kb product band was excised from the gel and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The 1.7 kb fragment was ligated into a pCR®4 Blunt Vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The construct was then transformed into ONE SHOT® TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's rapid chemical transformation procedure. Colonies were selected and analyzed by plasmid isolation and digestion with Hind III to release the 1.7 kb overlapping PCR fragment.

Plasmid pSMai140 was also digested with Hind III to linearize the plasmid. Both digested fragments were combined in a ligation reaction using a Rapid DNA Ligation Kit following the manufacturer's instructions to produce pSaMe-F1 (FIG. 11).

E. coli XL1-Blue Subcloning-Grade Competent Cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) were transformed with the ligation product. Identity of the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence, Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41, and the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene terminator sequence from plasmids purified from transformed E. coli. One clone containing the recombinant plasmid was designated pSaMe-F1. Plasmid pSaMe-F1 comprises the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter and terminator and the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal peptide sequence linked directly to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core polypeptide that are fused directly to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal peptide that is linked directly to the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 mature coding sequence. The DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG fusion protein is shown in SEQ ID NOs: 73 and 74, respectively (see FIGS. 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D).

Example 10 Transformation of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 with pSaMe-F1

Shake flasks containing 25 ml of YP medium supplemented with 2% glucose and 10 mM uridine were inoculated with 5×10⁷ spores of Trichoderma reesei RutC30. Following incubation overnight for approximately 16 hours at 27° C., 90 rpm, the mycelia were collected using a Vacuum Driven Disposable Filtration System. The mycelia were washed twice in 100 ml of deionized water and twice in 1.2 M sorbitol. Protoplasts were generated as described in Example 6.

Two micrograms of pSaMe-F1 DNA linearized with PmeI, 100 μl of Trichoderma reesei RutC30 protoplasts, and 50% PEG (4000) were mixed and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then 3 ml of STC were added and the contents were poured onto a COVE plate supplemented with 10 mM uridine. The plate was then incubated at 28° C. Transformants began to appear by day 6 and were picked to COVE2 plates for growth at 28° C. and 6 days. Twenty-two Trichoderma reesei transformants were recovered.

Transformants were cultivated in shake flasks on cellulase-inducing medium, and beta-glucosidase activity was measured as described in Example 6. A number of pSaMe-F1 transformants produced beta-glucosidase activity. One transformant, designated Trichoderma reesei SaMeF1-9, produced the highest amount of beta-glucosidase, and had twice the activity of a strain expressing the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant (Example 9).

Endoglucanase activity was assayed using a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) overlay assay according to Beguin, 1983, Analytical Biochem. 131(2): 333-336. Five μg of total protein from five of the broth samples (those having the highest beta-glucosidase activity) were diluted in Native Sample Buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) and run on a CRITERION® 8-16% Tris-HCl gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) using 10× Tris/glycine running buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA) and then the gel was laid on top of a plate containing 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). After 1 hour incubation at 37° C., the gel was stained with 0.1% Congo Red for 20 minutes. The plate was then destained using 1 M NaCl in order to identify regions of clearing indicative of endoglucanase activity. Two clearing zones were visible, one upper zone at approximately 110 kDa and a lower zone at approximately 25 kDa. The predicted protein size of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V and Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 fusion is 118 kDa if the two proteins are not cleaved and remain as a single polypeptide; glycosylation of the individual endoglucanase V core domain and of the beta-glucosidase leads to migration of the individual proteins at higher mw than predicted from the primary sequence. If the two proteins are cleaved then the predicted sizes for the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core domain is 24 kDa and 94 kDa for Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41. Since there was a clearing zone at approximately 110 kDa this result indicated that minimally a population of the endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase fusion protein remains intact as a single large protein. The lower clearing zone most likely represents an endogenous endoglucanase activity, and possibly additionally results from partial cleavage of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core domain from the Aspergillus oryzae β-glucosidase.

The results demonstrated the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core was active even while fused to the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase. In addition, the increase in beta-glucosidase activity appeared to result from increased secretion of protein relative to the secretion efficiency of the non-fusion beta-glucosidase. By linking the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 sequence to the efficiently secreted Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core, more beta-glucosidase was secreted.

Example 11 Construction of Vector pSaMe-FX

Plasmid pSaMe-FX was constructed by modifying pSaMe-F1. Plasmid pSaMe-F1 was digested with Bst Z17 and Eco RI to generate a 1 kb fragment that contained the beta-glucosidase variant BG41 coding sequence and a 9.2 kb fragment containing the remainder of the plasmid. The fragments were separated on a 1.0% agarose gel using TAE buffer and the 9.2 kb fragment was excised and purified using a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Plasmid pSMai135 was also digested with Bst Z17 and Eco RI to generate a 1 kb fragment containing bases homologous to the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 coding sequence and a 8.5 kb fragment containing the remainder of the plasmid. The 1 kb fragment was isolated and purified as above.

The 9.2 kb and 1 kb fragments were combined in a ligation reaction using a Rapid DNA Ligation Kit following the manufacturer's instructions to produce pSaMe-FX, which is identical to pSaMe-F1 except that it contained the wild-type beta-glucosidase mature coding sequence rather than the variant mature coding sequence.

E. coli SURE® Competent Cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) were transformed with the ligation product. Identity of the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core sequence, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence, Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase mature coding sequence, and the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I gene terminator sequence from plasmids purified from transformed E. coli. One clone containing the recombinant plasmid was designated pSaMe-FX (FIG. 12). The DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein is shown in SEQ ID NOs: 75 and 76, respectively (see FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, and 15D).

Example 12 Transformation and Expression of Trichoderma Transformants

The pSaMe-FX construct was linearized with PmeI and transformed into the Trichoderma reesei RutC30 strain as described in Example 10. A total of 63 transformants were obtained from a single transformation. Transformants were cultivated in shake flasks on cellulase-inducing medium, and beta-glucosidase activity was measured as described in Example 6. A number of pSaMe-FX transformants produced beta-glucosidase activity. One transformant designated SaMe-FX16 produced twice the amount of beta-glucosidase activity compared to Trichoderma reesei SaMeF1-9 (Example 10).

Example 13 Analysis of Trichoderma reesei Transformants

A fusion protein was constructed as described in Example 9 by fusing the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core (containing its own native signal sequence) with the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 mature coding sequence linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence. This fusion construct resulted in a two-fold increase in secreted beta-glucosidase activity compared to the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG41 mature coding sequence linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence. A second fusion construct was made as described in Example 11 consisting of the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V core (containing its own signal sequence) fused with the Aspergillus oryzae wild-type beta-glucosidase coding sequence linked to the Humicola insolens endoglucanase V signal sequence, and this led to an even further improvement in beta-glucosidase activity. The strain transformed with the wild-type fusion had twice the secreted beta-glucosidase activity relative to the strain transformed with the beta-glucosidase variant BG41 fusion.

Example 14 Cloning of the Beta-Glucosidase Fusion Protein Encoding Sequence into an Aspergillus oryzae Expression Vector

Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers, shown below, were designed to PCR amplify the full-length open reading frame from pSaMeFX encoding the beta-glucosidase fusion protein.

PCR Forward primer:

5′-GGACTGCGCAGCATGCGTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 71)

PCR Reverse primer:

5′-AGTTAATTAATTACTGGGCCTTAGGCAGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 72)

Bold letters represent coding sequence. The underlined “G” in the forward primer represents a base change introduced to create an Sph I restriction site. The remaining sequence contains sequence identity compared with the insertion sites of pSaMeFX. The underlined sequence in the reverse primer represents a PacI restriction site added to facilitate the cloning of this gene in the expression vector pAlLo2 (WO 04/099228).

Fifty picomoles of each of the primers above were used in a PCR reaction containing 50 ng of pSaMeFX DNA, 1×Pfx Amplification Buffer, 6 μl of 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 2.5 units of PLATINUM® Pfx DNA Polymerase, and 1 μl of 50 mM MgSO₄ in a final volume of 50 μl. An EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 was used to amplify the fragment programmed for 1 cycle at 98° C. for 2 minutes; and 35 cycles each at 96° C. for 30 seconds, 61° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 3 minutes. After the 35 cycles, the reaction was incubated at 68° C. for 10 minutes and then cooled at 10° C. until further processed. A 3.3 kb PCR reaction product was isolated on a 0.8% GTG-agarose gel (Cambrex Bioproducts One Meadowlands Plaza East Rutherford, N.J., USA) using TAE buffer and 0.1 μg of ethidium bromide per ml. The DNA was visualized with the aid of a DARK READER™ (Clare Chemical Research, Dolores, Colo., USA) to avoid UV-induced mutations. A 3.3 kb DNA band was excised with a disposable razor blade and purified with an ULTRAFREE®-DA spin cup (Millipore, Billerica, Mass., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The purified 3.3 kb PCR product was cloned into a pCR®4Blunt-TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Four microliters of the purified PCR product were mixed with 1 μl of a 2 M sodium chloride solution and 1 μl of the TOPO® vector. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes and then 2 μl of the reaction were used to transform One Shot® TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli cells according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three aliquots of 83 μl each of the transformation reaction were spread onto three 150 mm 2×YT plates supplemented with 100 μg of ampicillin per ml and incubated overnight at 37° C.

Eight recombinant colonies were used to inoculate liquid cultures containing 3 ml of LB medium supplemented with 100 μg of ampicillin per ml. Plasmid DNA was prepared from these cultures using a BIOROBOT® 9600 (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, Calif., USA). Clones were analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion with PacI. Plasmid DNA from each clone was digested with PacI and analyzed by 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis using TAE buffer. All eight clones had the expected restriction digest pattern and clones 5, 6, 7, and 8 were selected to be sequenced to confirm that there were no mutations in the cloned insert. Sequence analysis of their 5′ and 3′ ends indicated that all 4 clones had the correct sequence. Clones 5 and 7 were selected for further sequencing. Both clones were sequenced to Phred Q values of greater than 40 to ensure that there were no PCR induced errors. Clones 5 and 7 were shown to have the expected sequence and clone 5 was selected for re-cloning into pAlLo2.

Plasmid DNA from clone 5 was linearized by digestion with Sph I. The linearized clone was then blunt-ended by adding 1.2 μl of a 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP and 6 units of T4 DNA polymerase (New England Bioloabs, Inc., Ipswich, Mass., USA). The mixture was incubated at 12° C. for 20 minutes and then the reaction was stopped by adding 1 μl of 0.5 M EDTA and heating at 75° C. for 20 minutes to inactivate the enzyme. A 3.3 kb fragment encoding the beta-glucosidase fusion protein was purified by gel electrophoresis and ultrafiltration as described above.

The vector pAlLo2 was linearized by digestion with NcoI. The linearized vector was then blunt-ended by adding 0.5 μl of a 10 mM blend of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP and one unit of DNA polymerase I. The mixture was incubated at 25° C. for 15 minutes and then the reaction was stopped by adding 1 μl of 0.5M EDTA and heating at 75° C. for 15 minutes to inactivate the enzymes. Then the vector was digested with PacI. The blunt-ended vector was purified by gel electrophoresis and ultrafiltration as described above.

Cloning of the 3.3 kb fragment encoding the beta-glucosidase fusion protein into the linearized and purified pAlLo2 vector was performed with a Rapid Ligation Kit. A 1 μl sample of the reaction was used to transform E. coli XL10 SOLOPACK® Gold cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After the recovery period, two 100 μl aliquots from the transformation reaction were plated onto two 150 mm 2×YT plates supplemented with 100 μg of ampicillin per ml and incubated overnight at 37° C. A set of eight putative recombinant clones was selected at random from the selection plates and plasmid DNA was prepared from each one using a BIOROBOT® 9600. Clones 1-4 were selected for sequencing with pAlLo2-specific primers to confirm that the junction vector/insert had the correct sequence. Clone 3 had a perfect vector/insert junction and was designated pAlLo47 (FIG. 13).

In order to create a marker-free expression strain, a restriction endonuclease digestion was performed to separate the blaA gene that confers resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin from the rest of the expression construct. Thirty micrograms of pAlLo47 were digested with PmeI. The digested DNA was then purified by agarose gel electrophoresis as described above. A 6.4 kb DNA band containing the expression construct but lacking the blaA gene was excised with a razor blade and purified with a QIAQUICK® Gel Extraction Kit.

Example 15 Expression of the Beta-Glucosidase Fusion Protein in Aspergillus oryzae JaL355

Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 (WO 00/240694) protoplasts were prepared according to the method of Christensen et al., 1988, Bio/Technology 6: 1419-1422. Ten microliters of the purified expression construct of Example 14 were used to transform Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 protoplasts. The transformation of Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 yielded approximately 90 transformants. Fifty transformants were isolated to individual PDA plates and incubated for five days at 34° C.

Forty-eight confluent spore plates were washed with 3 ml of 0.01% TWEEN® 80 and the spore suspension was used to inoculate 25 ml of MDU2BP medium in 125 ml glass shake flasks. Transformant cultures were incubated at 34° C. with constant shaking at 200 rpm. After 5 days, 1 ml aliquots of each culture was centrifuged at 12,000×g and their supernatants collected. Five μl of each supernatant were mixed with an equal volume of 2× loading buffer (10% beta-mercaptoethanol) and loaded onto a 1.5 mm 8%-16% Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE gel and stained with BIO-SAFE® Coomassie Blue G250 protein stain (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA). SDS-PAGE profiles of the culture broths showed that 33 out of 48 transformants were capable of expressing a new protein with an apparent molecular weight very close to the expected 118 kDa. Transformant 21 produced the best yield and was selected for further studies.

Example 16 Single Spore Isolation of Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 Transformant 21

Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 transformant 21 spores were spread onto a PDA plate and incubated for five days at 34° C. A small area of the confluent spore plate was washed with 0.5 ml of 0.01% TWEEN® 80 to resuspend the spores. A 100 pl aliquot of the spore suspension was diluted to a final volume of 5 ml with 0.01% TWEEN® 80. With the aid of a hemocytometer the spore concentration was determined and diluted to a final concentration of 0.1 spores per microliter. A 200 μl aliquot of the spore dilution was spread onto 150 mm Minimal medium plates and incubated for 2-3 days at 34° C. Emerging colonies were excised from the plates and transferred to PDA plates and incubated for 3 days at 34° C. Then the spores were spread across the plates and incubated again for 5 days at 34° C.

The confluent spore plates were washed with 3 ml of 0.01% TWEEN® 80 and the spore suspension was used to inoculate 25 ml of MDU2BP medium in 125 ml glass shake flasks. Single-spore cultures were incubated at 34° C. with constant shaking at 200 rpm. After 5 days, a 1 ml aliquot of each culture was centrifuged at 12,000×g and their supernatants collected. Five μl of each supernatant were mixed with an equal volume of 2× loading buffer (10% beta-mercaptoethanol) and loaded onto a 1.5 mm 8%-16% Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE gel and stained with BIO-SAFE® Commassie Blue G250 protein stain. SDS-PAGE profiles of the culture broths showed that all eight transformants were capable of expressing the beta-glucosidase fusion protein at very high levels and one of the cultures designated Aspergillus oryzae JaL355AILo47 produced the best yield.

The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific aspects herein disclosed, since these aspects are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent aspects are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. In the case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control.

Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein comprising: (a) a first amino acid sequence comprising a signal peptide; (b) a second polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding at least a catalytic domain of a Cel45 endoglucanase or a portion thereof; and (c) a third amino acid sequence comprising at least a catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity or a portion thereof; wherein said fusion protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 74 or SEQ ID NO:
 76. 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises a carbohydrate binding module.
 3. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises a linker located between the endoglucanase catalytic domain and the catalytic domain of the polypeptide having biological activity and/or the catalytic domain of a polypeptide having biological activity.
 4. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises a fourth amino acid sequence comprising a second signal peptide.
 5. The polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein the second signal peptide is linked in frame to the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence comprising the catalytic domain of the polypeptide having biological activity or at least the catalytic domain of the endoglucanase.
 6. The polynucleotide of claim 1, comprising SEQ ID NO: 73 or SEQ ID NO:
 75. 7. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein has cellulolytic activity and/or hemicellulolytic activity.
 8. A fusion protein construct, comprising the polynucleotide of claim 1 and a promoter.
 9. The fusion protein construct of claim 8, wherein the promoter drives expression of the first, second, and third polynucleotides.
 10. The fusion protein construct of claim 9, further comprising a terminator.
 11. An expression vector, comprising the fusion protein construct of claim
 10. 12. A host cell transformed with the polynucleotide of claim
 1. 13. The host cell of claim 12, wherein the cell is a filamentous fungal host cell.
 14. A host cell transformed with the expression vector of claim
 11. 15. The host cell of claim 14, wherein the cell is a filamentous fungal host cell.
 16. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 74 or SEQ ID NO:
 76. 17. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, which further comprises a carbohydrate binding module.
 18. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, comprising SEQ ID NO: 73 or SEQ ID NO:
 75. 19. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 16, wherein the fusion protein has cellulolytic activity and/or hemicellulolytic activity. 